Journal of fish biology最新文献

{"title":"'It's not much, but it's honest work': The status of environmental DNA analyses of fish biodiversity in southern Africa.","authors":"Sophie von der Heyden","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70187","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jfb.70187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental DNA (eDNA) biodiversity surveys have the power to transform the detection of species in natural environments, which is crucial for the conservation and management of freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. Globally, eDNA-based analyses have increased significantly, with fishes being the most widely studied aquatic organisms. However, the extent of work and the current status of eDNA-based surveys for southern Africa are unclear. A literature search for studies with a focus on fishes was carried out for Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe and retrieved 16 papers. Most of these were from South Africa (n = 14), with one paper each from Botswana and Mozambique. No papers were found for Namibia and Zimbabwe. Eleven papers utilized metabarcoding to detect fish communities, whereas four utilized species-specific primers to detect rare (e.g., coelacanth, pipefishes, endangered and vulnerable freshwater fishes) or invasive (silver carp) species and one consisted of a diet study. There were five papers from freshwater and 11 studies applying eDNA-based surveys in estuaries or marine systems. A scan of some of the technical aspects of the eDNA workflow (biological replication filtration, inclusion of negative controls, primer choice and technical replication) showed a wide range of approaches, highlighting the need for standardization of the eDNA workflow and the reporting of its data. Unsurprisingly, one of the largest challenges remains the lack of referenced barcodes, which limits the ability to determine species distributions and associated ecological inferences. Building on the exciting work highlighted here and to fully realize the power of eDNA will require increasing collaborations across all aspects of the eDNA workflow. Further, exploring pathways for the meaningful integration of data derived from eDNA surveys to support conservation and management decisions, not only for fishes but also for all the incredible biodiversity of southern Africa, is crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"School's out, but not for fish that want to pass","authors":"William Bernard Perry","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Humans have been modifying waterways for millennia, with evidence of the Mesopotamians constructing irrigation channels for crops dating back to 6000 BCE (Rost, <span>2017</span>) and with small dams in southern Jordan dating back to 7000 BCE (Fahlbusch, <span>2009</span>). From these humble origins, the last century has seen a global intensification of river modifications, like dams (Zhang &amp; Gu, <span>2023</span>), resulting in only 23% of large rivers having uninterrupted flow between their source and the ocean (Grill et al., <span>2019</span>). Predictably, this has been devastating for freshwater habitats and their inhabitants, such as fish (Keijzer et al., <span>2024</span>).</p><p>In an effort to counteract the negative impacts of barriers in rivers and engineer our way out of a problem, fish passes have been heralded as a potential solution to impeded fish migration. Fish passes come in all shapes and sizes, from ladders and baffles to fish lifts, however, the designs are often biased towards salmonids in the Northern Hemisphere and unsuitable for other fish species (Birnie-Gauvin et al., <span>2019</span>)—sometimes to a benefit, preventing the spread of exotic fish species (Franklin et al., <span>2021</span>). Not only this, but even for target species, efficacy (of what can be an expensive intervention) can depend on fish size, motivation (Dodd et al., <span>2024</span>) and specifications of pass design (Baker, <span>2014</span>).</p><p>In this issue, we get a further glimpse into the complexities of fish passage design and how the behaviour of fish can influence their passage. Using the common galaxias (<i>Galaxias maculatus</i>) (Video 1), which is a small-bodied migratory species often used as indicator species for freshwater habitat connectivity in New Zealand, as well as a raceway with a section of high velocity water as a barrier, Crawford et al. (<span>2025</span>) tested whether schooling group behaviour would impact passage performance. What they found was that although both individuals and groups have the same level of overall passage success, groups were able to pass the barrier more quickly. Not only this, but the groups had a lower metabolic rate than individuals that made it past the barrier, demonstrating another benefit of schooling.</p><p>These results by Crawford et al. (<span>2025</span>) have important ramifications for improving the efficacy of fish passes, which is much needed, with practical considerations for accommodating group movements (e.g. constructing larger resting pools). Ultimately, to pass with flying colours, schooling is a must!</p><p>William Bernard Perry</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":"107 2","pages":"333-334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jfb.70178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Sargassum ilicifolium as a functional feed additive to improve growth, haematology and disease resistance in Catla catla.","authors":"Saba Naseer, Farkhanda Asad, Aiman Nadeem, Rafia Zulfiqar, Irtisha Kanwal, Rafia Jamal, Ansa Maqbool","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of brown seaweed (Sargassum ilicifolium) supplementation on growth performance, blood parameters and digestive enzyme activity in Catla catla for 60 days. Three hundred fingerlings were acclimatized for a week and then stocked into four experimental groups with triplicates (25 fish/aquarium), including T0: control group and three treatments supplemented with brown seaweed (T1: 3% BSW, T2: 5% BSW and T3: 7% BSW). Fingerlings were fed at 4% of their total body weight, provided twice a day. The results showed that T3 (7% BSW) treatment had the highest average body weight, average body length, protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate. Haemoglobin levels, red blood cells and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in fish fed with diets 3% BSW (T1) compared to other dietary groups. In contrast, white blood cells, neutrophils and eosinophils were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the T3 treatment. Furthermore, inclusion of 7% BSW into the fish diet improved the activity of digestive enzymes, such as amylase and protease, in the liver and gut. Findings also indicated a significantly higher survival rate observed in treatment groups challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. In conclusion, 7% supplementation enhanced the growth and immunity of C. catla. The findings suggest that S. ilicifolium can serve as a promising herbal immunostimulant in aquaculture, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to improve fish health and disease resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter predatory efficiency and periodicity of the non-native brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus.","authors":"Alan Fritsch, Pavel Staněk, Miloš Buřič, Antonín Kouba, Lukáš Veselý, Paride Balzani","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Winter is a challenge for fish in temperate regions as it is likely to create a bottleneck for small-bodied fish due to starvation. Resource consumption could contribute substantially to the overwinter survival of fish. Nevertheless, fish feeding activity and related impacts at low temperatures are understudied. We assessed the hunting periodicity and functional response of a non-native European brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus population under winter conditions. Our results provide evidence of predation at temperatures as low as 3 °C, while the hunting periodicity was clearly identified as nocturnal. Furthermore, a visible decrease in handling time was observed at 3 °C compared to 4.5 °C, suggesting that this temperature could be a thermal threshold in A. nebulosus' ecophysiology. Moreover, the potential predation impact calculated from the functional responses revealed a severe increase in resource consumption from 3 °C to 4.5 °C, suggesting that such slight temperature increase could accentuate A. nebulosus predation impact. Ultimately, our results suggest that such winter predation activity could harm other species' recruitment and play an important role in the establishment success of A. nebulosus non-native populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144859254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential impact of climate change on the reproductive success of grayling (Thymallus thymallus).","authors":"Simon Rosenau, Alexander Charles Mott, Christian Lodder, Jens Tetens","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The European grayling is a salmonid species experiencing a sharp population decline, and conservation measures have been initiated through artificial propagation. As the species is not commonly cultivated in aquaculture, there is little information on their optimal reproduction conditions. Therefore, this study has combined a two-pronged approach of examining the temperature of the natural spawning area during the spawning season, while also experimentally testing four different incubation temperatures under standardized aquaculture conditions. Nine egg clutches from pond-reared females were fertilized with a sperm mix from 10 wild grayling. Eggs were divided into four treatment groups and incubated at 6, 8, 10 and 12°C. Hatched larvae were then collected and examined for body weight, yolk-sac weight and length. Both the temperature of the natural habitat and the physiological parameters of the larvae indicate that 6 and 8°C are the optimal hatching temperatures for grayling reproduction. The hatching rate was highest at 8 and 6°C, at 80.35 ± 6.30% and 76.87 ± 8.01%, respectively, although it gradually decreased with increasing temperature. The impact of warmer water temperatures hindered survival rates, resulting in a significant decrease in hatching rates at 10°C (68.46 ± 13.85%) and 12°C (45.54 ± 27.14%).</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Native and invasive cichlid fish respond differently to thermal challenge.","authors":"Irma Inchaurregui, Hugo F Olivares-Rubio, Judith García-Rodríguez, Olivia de Los Santos, Israel Valencia-Esquivel, Elsah Arce","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global warming affects aquatic organisms by increasing water temperature, which leads to changes in numerous abiotic and biotic factors. The combined effects of habitat warming and biological invasions pose a serious risk to native fish, especially if native species are more sensitive to warming than invasives. In this work, we evaluated whether increasing water temperature affects the behaviours of swimming activity, aggressive interactions, capture attempts, prey consumed and foraging efficiency of the native Mexican mojarra and the invasive convict cichlid. To do this, we exposed 20 juveniles of each species to either a constant water temperature treatment at 28°C for 15 days (control group) or to a gradual increase in temperature from 28°C to 35°C over the same period (treatment group). In both species, individuals in the group exposed to experimental warming had lower swimming activity than those in the control group and in the convict a higher number of aggressive interactions than those in the control group. However, the species showed opposing effects of warming on feeding-related behaviours: in the Mexican mojarra, the number of capture attempts, prey consumed and capture efficiency were higher in the group exposed to thermal increase than in the control group, whereas in the convict cichlid, these behaviours were lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Thus, the convict cichlid showed stronger potentially adverse effects of habitat warming than the Mexican mojarra in behaviours associated with foraging. This is the first comparison of the behavioural effects of habitat warming between invasive and native cichlid fishes. Other studies of the ecological implications of habitat warming in the Amacuzac River are necessary to support the conservation of the native Mexican mojarra in the presence of the invasive convict cichlid.</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The key mechanisms associated with the survival of Gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, when in severe hypoxia.","authors":"Anastasiya Plotnikova, Isabelle R Nelson, Shara Y Sookhoo, Jacob M Belkin, Vanessa P Lima, Ross D Bronfman Bunch, Athena M Santomero, Sophia A Santomero, Emily C Rodriguez, Jayda K Rodriguez, Kathleen M Davis, Amanda J Kaplan, Lucy M Schwartz, Vivienne S Clarke, Henry W Sage, Ana I Ruiz Criado, Kennedy T Diamond, M Danielle McDonald","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Florida's shallow seagrass beds experience daily diurnal fluctuations in environmental oxygen, leading to hypoxic episodes (PO₂ < 2 mg L^-1, ~6 kPa) that have increased in frequency and intensity in recent decades. The native Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) have been shown to employ a suite of adaptive cardiovascular, ventilatory and metabolic adjustments to survive moderate hypoxia, but little is known of the mechanisms used to survive severe hypoxia. The objective of this study was to characterize the acute response of Gulf toadfish to severe hypoxia (<2 kPa). We hypothesized that Gulf toadfish would respond to severe hypoxia by reducing energy expenditure while switching to anaerobic metabolism. Cannulated adult Gulf toadfish were exposed to either control conditions (normoxia for 4 h) or hypoxia (PO₂ ~0.4 kPa for 3 h followed by 1 h recovery). Heart rate, pulse pressure, caudal arterial blood pressure, ventilation frequency and ventilation amplitude were monitored and blood samples were taken from both groups and analysed for pH, glucose, lactate and other endpoints. Hypoxia-exposed fish experienced a statistically significant 70% decrease in heart rate and a 32% decrease in ventilation frequency during hypoxia exposure. Moreover, plasma glucose concentrations increased 5-fold and plasma lactate concentrations increased 6-fold, with a minimal reduction in pH. Our findings support our hypothesis that Gulf toadfish are highly hypoxia tolerant and survive severe hypoxia by reducing energy expenditure and switching to anaerobic metabolism. It is important to understand how the Gulf toadfish deal with severe hypoxia due to the increasing prevalence of severe hypoxia in its natural environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144835289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unravelling the genetic landscape of Channa argus in Shandong Province: Insights into population differentiation, adaptation and conservation from whole-genome resequencing.","authors":"Li An, Qinglei Meng, Xuesa Dong, Shuren Zhu, Chao Wang, Xiao Xu, Xiuyun Feng, Yuqing Liu, Jiaren Yan, Longgang Zhang","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The snakehead (Channa argus) is an economically important freshwater fish species. Understanding how geographical isolation affects population differentiation is important for understanding the processes that shape biodiversity. We examined four wild populations [Dongping Lake (DP), Nansi Lake (NS), Yihe River (YH) and Yellow River Estuary (HH)] and an aquaculture population [Weishan Lake (WL)] in Shandong Province using whole-genome resequencing for the first time. This approach provided deeper insights of genetic variation compared to previous studies with lower genome coverage. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletion (InDel) variants among the five populations. A total of 106,172 DNA variants were located in the exonic gene region, with 53,415 causing nonsynonymous mutations, 9757 resulting in frameshift mutations and 2345 leading to a loss or gain of stop codons. Polymorphic information content (PIC) analysis showed moderate polymorphism across all populations, with an increase over the past decade, likely due to reduced human interference. Genetic diversity indexes (H_O, H_E, H' and π) showed minimal variation among populations, suggesting similar environmental pressures and low levels of inbreeding. F_is values indicated that the WL and NS populations met the neutral expectation of heterozygosity, whereas other populations exhibited higher heterozygosity potentially due to geographical factors. Phylogenetic tree analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and population structure analysis confirmed genetic clustering aligned with geographical distribution. The F_st values indicated moderate genetic differentiation, with gene flow observed between the DP and WL populations likely due to artificial introductions. The WL population exhibited strong signs of artificial selection. Functional enrichment analysis revealed adaptive differentiation in osmoregulation-related genes in the HH population, whereas the WL population showed selective pressure in genes related to oxygen transport in the blood, suggesting the influence of aquaculture and environment on genetic adaptation. This study highlights the role of geographical isolation in population differentiation and emphasizes the importance of habitat connectivity in maintaining gene flow and genetic diversity. The findings indicate no significant human-induced isolation in the major water bodies of Shandong Province, which benefits the conservation of C. argus and provides valuable insights for the sustainable management of wild populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144835290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The acute osmoregulatory effects of low pH and Cu, alone and in combination, on the dwarf cichlid (Apistogramma agassizii) in Rio Negro blackwater and Rio Solimões whitewater: Flux rates of ions, nitrogenous wastes and water.","authors":"Carolyn Morris, Anne Crémazy, Jhonatan Mota da Silva, Ora E Johannsson, Colin J Brauner, Chris M Wood, Adalberto Luis Val","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increases in anthropogenic activities in the Amazon have led to pollution from trace metals, including copper. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is known to protect against metal toxicity and ionoregulatory disturbances in Amazonian fish, particularly at low pH. However, little is known about the effects of DOC and trace metals, such as copper, on the branchial water transport pathways. Water moves across the gills of fish through two distinct pathways: paracellularly through tight junctions and transcellularly by diffusion through aquaporins. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of copper (nominally 200 μg L^-1) on diffusive water flux rate (transcellular water movement), paracellular permeability ([³H]-polyethylene glycol-4000 clearance), ion balance (net sodium, potassium and chloride fluxes) and nitrogenous waste (ammonia and urea) excretion in the dwarf cichlid, Apistogramma agassizii. Exposures were conducted in control water (low ions, very low DOC), in filtered Rio Negro (RN) blackwater (low ions, high DOC) and in filtered Rio Solimões (RS) whitewater (higher ions, intermediate DOC) at pH 7 and pH 4. Copper increased ion losses in control water, especially at low pH; RN water protected against these effects, whereas RS water did not, reflecting greater complexation of free Cu²⁺ ions by RN DOC. Our results are the first to show that copper tends to inhibit urea-N excretion as well as ammonia excretion, and also decreases branchial water transport both transcellularly and through tight junctions. The protective effects of DOC against the disturbances caused by copper were dependent on the source of the DOC and the water pH.</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144835288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal ganglion cell topography in the masked greenling Hexagrammos octogrammus (Pallas, 1814) (Pisces, Scorpaeniformes, Hexagrammidae).","authors":"Sergei Kondrashev, Igor Pushchin, And Naig Aleskerov","doi":"10.1111/jfb.70174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The spatial arrangement of retinal neurons determines to a certain extent visual acuity and sensitivity. Despite a large number of studies dealing with retinal topography, there are gaps in our knowledge on the issue. We addressed the spatial arrangement of retinal ganglion cells in the masked greenling, a marine demersal fish. The combined proportion of displaced amacrine cells and glia was 17.63%. The spatial density of ganglion cells was lowest (1900-2500 cells/mm²) in the ventronasal periphery. It increased centripetally to form a horizontal visual streak situated dorsal to the optic disc. The peak spatial density values (11,900-15,400 cells/mm²) were registered in the dorsotemporal quadrant where a prominent area temporalis was found. The presence of area temporalis and visual streak is in line with the species' biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":15794,"journal":{"name":"Journal of fish biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144816838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}