Journal of Energy in Southern Africa最新文献

Modelling NO2 emissions from Eskom’s coal fired power stations using Generalised Linear Models 使用广义线性模型对Eskom燃煤发电站的二氧化氮排放进行建模

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13819

Delson Chikobvu, Mpendulo Mamba

引用次数: 0

Trend analysis and inter-annual variability in wind speed in South Africa 南非风速趋势分析和年际变率

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2023-03-26 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13162

Mamello Chauke

{"title":"Trend analysis and inter-annual variability in wind speed in South Africa","authors":"Mamello Chauke","doi":"10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13162","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable forecasts of long-term longitudinal wind speed patterns may help predict air circulation changes. They are also essential for the planning and financing of wind projects for Independent Power Producers (IPPs). Long-term wind speed trends and variations in historical mean wind speed data were examined using Mann Kendall’s test and calculating inter-annual variability (IAV). The Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) provides high resolution quality wind data for research and applications locally. WASA has 19 meteorological stations in South Africa. The WASA project began in 2009 with the aim of mapping South Africa's wind resource, allowing stakeholders in the wind energy sector and industry to explore and prepare for utility-scale wind power generation. For the past ten years, WASA has been measuring and providing data.The results showed an increasing trend at WM01 and a decreasing trend at WM08. There was no clear trend at other wind masts. Satellite data was used to validate results and no trends were observed at most of the stations. IAV values for this study ranged between 1.088% and 3.353% which is relatively low compared to the commonly found IAV values of 5-6%, implying that mean annual wind speed variation at these stations is low. To confirm a clear trend in wind speed, it is recommended that further work be done with long term periods and substantiate our finding with the use of historical simulation and climate change scenarios.","PeriodicalId":15666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy in Southern Africa","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90747520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigation of Wind Data Resolution for Small Wind Turbine Performance Study 小型风力机性能研究中风力数据分辨率的研究

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13647

Kimon Silwal, P. Freere

{"title":"Investigation of Wind Data Resolution for Small Wind Turbine Performance Study","authors":"Kimon Silwal, P. Freere","doi":"10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13647","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Small wind turbine sites, in general, use a 0.5Hz sampling interval and a 10-minute averaging interval for a feasibility study or turbine testing. Studies have established that the calculated performance variation of small wind turbines when averaging at large time intervals. The performance variation is larger for sites with high wind variability. However, these studies are often based on low sampling frequency and high averaging intervals. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In the present study, wind speed data has been measured at a high sampling frequency of 20Hz with an ultrasonic sensor. A dynamic model of a 50W Rutland wind turbine is used to analyse the simulated performance using wind speed data at a range of sampling intervals and some averaging intervals. The wind turbine and the anemometer are installed in a residential area of high wind variability. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The energy is calculated and compared directly using the wind turbine model and using the IEC recommended method of bins. The direct method results show that the rise in instantaneous sampling intervals up to 20 seconds has an insignificant effect on the energy output. Whereas, for 2-seconds sampled wind data averaged over 10-minutes, energy overestimates of 19% is observed. However, where only 10-minute interval averaged wind data are available, there is a significant underestimate in energy by 45%. The energy calculated using the method of bins overestimates the energy by 19% for high resolution wind data and underestimates by 22% for 10-minute average data. \u0000","PeriodicalId":15666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy in Southern Africa","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86632652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Commercialization of green hydrogen production from kraal manure in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A review 南非东开普省利用kraal粪肥生产绿色氢的商业化:综述

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i4a13116

N. Dyantyi, T. Ncanywa

引用次数: 0

Socio-economic analysis of solar photovoltaic-based mini-grids in rural communities: A Ugandan case study 农村社区太阳能光伏微型电网的社会经济分析:乌干达案例研究

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a10441

Richard Cartland, A. Sendegeya, Jean de Dieu Khan Hakizimana

{"title":"Socio-economic analysis of solar photovoltaic-based mini-grids in rural communities: A Ugandan case study","authors":"Richard Cartland, A. Sendegeya, Jean de Dieu Khan Hakizimana","doi":"10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a10441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a10441","url":null,"abstract":"The provision of electricity in rural areas has been an outstanding need in trying to achieve the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030. However, most sub-Saharan countries have found this difficult due to financial constraints. Uganda tried to increase rural electrification to more than 20% of its population by 2020 through Rural Electrification Agency programmes. In an attempt to realise SDGs and the National Vision by 2040, Uganda is investing more in renewable energy sources, especially solar photovoltaic mini-grids to ensure that rural areas access affordable, reliable, and sustainable modern energy. This paper assesses the operation, causes of failure, causes of discomfort for mini-grid connected customers, and customer behavior of two solar photovoltaic mini-grids located in Kyenjojo District in western Uganda. It was found that the current energy demand exceeds the generation supply and that the systems need phase upgrades and clustering to remain economically viable and sustainable. The methodology involved re-sizing the existing load demand of the connected users, well-designed and administered questionnaires, analysis of published literature, review of the existing records, and interviews. Analysis was done in an Excel software program. The paper concludes by identifying the benefits and challenges of solar photovoltaic mini-grids in Kyenjojo District.","PeriodicalId":15666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy in Southern Africa","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79654756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The role of natural gas in facilitating the transition to renewable electricity generation in South Africa 天然气在促进南非向可再生能源发电过渡中的作用

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a12742

S. Clark, J. Van Niekerk, J. Petrie, C. McGregor

{"title":"The role of natural gas in facilitating the transition to renewable electricity generation in South Africa","authors":"S. Clark, J. Van Niekerk, J. Petrie, C. McGregor","doi":"10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a12742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a12742","url":null,"abstract":"As is being done in most of the world, South Africa has commenced the transition from a fossil fuel-based electricity generation system to one based on renewable sources to meet greenhouse gas emission reduction goals. This paper explores the role of natural gas in South Africa to support the transition to a renewable energy-driven power grid. Specifically, the paper quantifies the firm and dispatchable power requirement to accommodate variability in solar and wind generation sources based on real-time series data from current renewable energy power plants for the country, and demonstrates that natural gas could be one of the elements to meet the medium-term need for this dispatchable power requirement, based on current regional gas resources. A range of alternative natural gas sources are considered in this analysis, covering existing gas resources from Mozambique, deep-water offshore potential from the southern Cape, shale gas from the Karoo basin, as well as liquefied natural gas imports. In addition, the alternatives to natural gas to supply the required dispatchable energy are considered. The analysis shows that the major challenge is to have sufficient gas storage available to be able to provide gas at the very high instantaneous rates required, but where the gas is only used for short periods of time and at low annual rates.","PeriodicalId":15666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy in Southern Africa","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83959010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Determination of country-specific greenhouse gas emission factors for South African liquid and gaseous fuels 确定南非液体和气体燃料的国别温室气体排放系数

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a13592

G. Kornelius, P. Forbes, T. Fischer, Malin Govender

{"title":"Determination of country-specific greenhouse gas emission factors for South African liquid and gaseous fuels","authors":"G. Kornelius, P. Forbes, T. Fischer, Malin Govender","doi":"10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a13592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a13592","url":null,"abstract":"Higher-tier methods for greenhouse gas reporting require country-specific emission factors for a range of liquid and gaseous fuels for both stationary and mobile fuel combustion activities. Samples of selected liquid fuels used in South Africa were collected over the summer and winter seasons in the Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape provinces of South Africa, primarily from large retail stations along major traffic routes (unleaded petrol – ULP93 and ULP95 – and diesel). Liquid fuels used in smaller volumes (bio-ethanol, paraffin, jet kerosene, aviation gasoline and heavy fuel oil) were also sampled at appropriate locations. Samples (343 in total) were analysed for carbon content using standard methods at an accredited commercial laboratory. Calorific values of the fuels were also determined, to allow for the calculation of methane and nitrous oxide emission factors. Results were statistically analysed to determine mean values and their uncertainties, to identify outliers, and to determine correlations between variables. Results for ULP93 and ULP95 were weighted by their respective 2021 annual average sales volumes to obtain an average value for all petrol of 2 263 g CO2/L. Based on sales data from the years 2018–2021, summer and winter results were equally weighted to obtain annual average emission factors for ULP93 (2255 g CO2/L), ULP95 (2 265 g CO2/L) and diesel (2 650 g CO2/L), reflecting a slight decrease from the values contained in the 2017 Department of Environmental Affairs Technical guidelines for monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions by industry. A calculation-based liquefied petroleum gas emission factor, confirmed by analysis certificates from a number of local suppliers, was found to be 3002 g CO2/kg.","PeriodicalId":15666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy in Southern Africa","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79742448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

An overview of the socio-economic impacts of the green hydrogen value chain in Southern Africa 概述绿色氢价值链在南部非洲的社会经济影响

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2022-09-26 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a12543

S. Hamukoshi, N. Mama, Panduleni Penipawa Shimanda, N. H. Shafudah

{"title":"An overview of the socio-economic impacts of the green hydrogen value chain in Southern Africa","authors":"S. Hamukoshi, N. Mama, Panduleni Penipawa Shimanda, N. H. Shafudah","doi":"10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a12543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i3a12543","url":null,"abstract":"The green hydrogen economy offers synthetic green energy with significant impacts and is environmentally friendly compared to current fossil-based fuels. Exploration of green hydrogen energy in Southern Africa is still in the initial stages in many low-resourced settings aiming to benefit from sustainable green energy. At this early stage, potential benefits to society are yet to be understood. That is why the socio-economic impact of green hydrogen energy must be explored. This paper reviews the current literatures to describe the potential socio-economic effects in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The review supports the view that green hydrogen will be beneficial and have great potential to revolutionise agricultural and industrial sectors, with advanced sustainable changes for both production and processing. This paper also examines how sustainable green hydrogen energy production in Southern Africa will provide economic value in the energy export sector around the world and support climate change initiatives. Further, it discusses the impacts of the green hydrogen value addition chain and the creation of green jobs, as well as the need for corresponding investments and policy reforms. It is also noted that the green hydrogen economy can contribute to job losses in fossil fuel-based industries, so that the workforce there may need re-skilling to take up green jobs. Such exchanges may deter efforts towards poverty alleviation and economic growth in SADC.","PeriodicalId":15666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy in Southern Africa","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80532517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Determinants of household energy fuel choice in Lesotho 莱索托家庭能源燃料选择的决定因素

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i2a13190

M. Mothala, R. Thamae, M. Mpholo

{"title":"Determinants of household energy fuel choice in Lesotho","authors":"M. Mothala, R. Thamae, M. Mpholo","doi":"10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i2a13190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i2a13190","url":null,"abstract":"The determinants of household energy fuel choice have not been studied in some developing countries, including Lesotho, despite the potential benefits such a study might have for policy design and implementation. This study uses the data collected by Lesotho’s Bureau of Statistics through a national household energy consumption survey of 2017, and a multinomial logistic regression to analyse the determinants of household energy fuel choice in Lesotho. The results indicate that the gender of the household head does not influence the choice of cleaner energy fuels for cooking and water heating. However, the age and education of the household head, household size, level of income, and access to electricity are drivers of energy fuel choice. The older the household head and the larger the household, the less likely it is to adopt cleaner energy fuels. Generally, higher income, access to electricity and a better-educated household head make a household more likely to adopt clean energy fuels. Thus, policies aimed at promoting household income-generating opportunities, effective provision of access to electricity, and investment in education can influence the choice of clean energy use within households. But these policies must be tailored to the unique characteristics of different settlement types, given that the significance of these determinants vary across rural, peri-urban, and urban areas.","PeriodicalId":15666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy in Southern Africa","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73723911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Rural electricity system reliability: Do outages exacerbate spending on backup fuel in rural Tanzania? 农村电力系统的可靠性:停电是否加剧了坦桑尼亚农村备用燃料的支出?

4区工程技术

Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i2a13018

B. G. Muhihi, Lusambo Leopold Paschal

{"title":"Rural electricity system reliability: Do outages exacerbate spending on backup fuel in rural Tanzania?","authors":"B. G. Muhihi, Lusambo Leopold Paschal","doi":"10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i2a13018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2022/v33i2a13018","url":null,"abstract":"Most rural Tanzanians have had no access to electricity. But efforts have been made to remedy this, including an extension of the national grid and the establishment of independent power plants in rural areas. The result is a recordable increase of people with access to electricity; however, the realization of reliable power for both consumers and suppliers has remained a puzzle. This paper out to examine the reliability of rural electricity systems based on consumer measures; to find out determinants for system reliability; and examine how outage incidences exacerbate households’ expenditure on backup fuels. Reliability was assessed through a stepwise approach, where a general system reliability index and trend analysis were used. It was found that system reliability was enhanced because consumers only spent 6–15 days per year without electricity due to outages. These are tolerable outages, given the volatility of the rural system. Further, weather, fire outbreaks in bushes, and lightning, significantly determined system reliability. Nonetheless, despite the reasonable reliability, some outage incidences had dragged consumers into unplanned expenditure on backup fuel. It is recommended that there should be a continuous inspection of the system, and the use of supervisory control and data acquisition device on the distribution line for accurate monitoring is imperative.","PeriodicalId":15666,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy in Southern Africa","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84043172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0