Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)最新文献

{"title":"Psilocybin use is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests in US adults: A replication and extension.","authors":"Grant M Jones,&nbsp;Matthew K Nock","doi":"10.1177/02698811211058933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211058933","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The United States boasts the largest prison population in the world, conferring significant direct and indirect costs (e.g. lost wages for the incarcerated, increased morbidity/mortality, etc.) to society. Recidivism rates are high for the imprisoned and most interventions to reduce criminality are minimally effective. Thus, in addition to the need for criminal justice reform, there is a need to better understand factors linked to lowered criminal behavior.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between the use of classic psychedelic substances (psilocybin, LSD, peyote, and mescaline) and past year arrests for various crimes (i.e. property, violence, alcohol and substance use, miscellaneous crimes).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used nationally representative data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2015-2019) (<i>N</i> = 211,549) to test the aforementioned associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lifetime psilocybin use was associated with lowered odds of seven of 11 past year arrest variables (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) range = 0.30-0.73). Peyote was associated with reduced odds of motor vehicle theft (aOR = 0.30) and driving under the influence (aOR = 0.52), and mescaline was associated with reduced odds of drug possession/sale (aOR = 0.51). Virtually all other substances either shared no relationship to our outcomes or conferred higher odds of arrest.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that use of classic psychedelic substances is associated with lowered odds of crime arrests. Future research should explore whether causal factors and/or third variable factors (e.g. personality, political orientation) underlie the relationship between classic psychedelic use and reduced criminal behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"66-73"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39867610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lasting effects of a single psilocybin dose on resting-state functional connectivity in healthy individuals.","authors":"Drummond E-Wen McCulloch,&nbsp;Martin Korsbak Madsen,&nbsp;Dea Siggaard Stenbæk,&nbsp;Sara Kristiansen,&nbsp;Brice Ozenne,&nbsp;Peter Steen Jensen,&nbsp;Gitte Moos Knudsen,&nbsp;Patrick MacDonald Fisher","doi":"10.1177/02698811211026454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211026454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psilocybin is a psychedelic drug that has shown lasting positive effects on clinical symptoms and self-reported well-being following a single dose. There has been little research into the long-term effects of psilocybin on brain connectivity in humans.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Evaluate changes in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) at 1 week and 3 months after one psilocybin dose in 10 healthy psychedelic-naïve volunteers and explore associations between change in RSFC and related measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants received 0.2-0.3 mg/kg psilocybin in a controlled setting. Participants completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans at baseline, 1-week and 3-month post-administration and [11C]Cimbi-36 PET scans at baseline and 1 week. We examined changes in within-network, between-network and region-to-region RSFC. We explored associations between changes in RSFC and psilocybin-induced phenomenology as well as changes in psychological measures and neocortex serotonin 2A receptor binding.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Psilocybin was well tolerated and produced positive changes in well-being. At 1 week only, executive control network (ECN) RSFC was significantly decreased (Cohen's <i>d</i> = -1.73, pFWE = 0.010). We observed no other significant changes in RSFC at 1 week or 3 months, nor changes in region-to-region RSFC. Exploratory analyses indicated that decreased ECN RSFC at 1 week predicted increased mindfulness at 3 months (<i>r</i> = -0.65).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings in a small cohort indicate that psilocybin affects ECN function within the psychedelic 'afterglow' period. Our findings implicate ECN modulation as mediating psilocybin-induced, long-lasting increases in mindfulness. Although our findings implicate a neural pathway mediating lasting psilocybin effects, it is notable that changes in neuroimaging measures at 3 months, when personality changes are observed, remain to be identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"74-84"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/02698811211026454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39144162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of psilocybin on cognitive and emotional functions in healthy participants: Results from a phase 1, randomised, placebo-controlled trial involving simultaneous psilocybin administration and preparation.","authors":"James J Rucker,&nbsp;Lindsey Marwood,&nbsp;Riikka-Liisa J Ajantaival,&nbsp;Catherine Bird,&nbsp;Hans Eriksson,&nbsp;John Harrison,&nbsp;Molly Lennard-Jones,&nbsp;Sunil Mistry,&nbsp;Francesco Saldarini,&nbsp;Susan Stansfield,&nbsp;Sara J Tai,&nbsp;Sam Williams,&nbsp;Neil Weston,&nbsp;Ekaterina Malievskaia,&nbsp;Allan H Young","doi":"10.1177/02698811211064720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211064720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psilocybin, a psychoactive serotonin receptor partial agonist, has been reported to acutely reduce clinical symptoms of depressive disorders. Psilocybin's effects on cognitive function have not been widely or systematically studied.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to explore the safety of simultaneous administration of psilocybin to healthy participants in the largest randomised controlled trial of psilocybin to date. Primary and secondary endpoints assessed the short- and longer-term change in cognitive functioning, as assessed by a Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) Panel, and emotional processing scales. Safety was assessed via endpoints which included cognitive function, assessed by CANTAB global composite score, and treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) monitoring.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy participants (<i>n</i> = 89; mean age 36.1 years; 41 females, 48 males) were randomised to receive a single oral dose of 10 or 25 mg psilocybin, or placebo, administered simultaneously to up to six participants, with one-to-one psychological support - each participant having an assigned, dedicated therapist available throughout the session.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 511 TEAEs were reported, with a median duration of 1.0 day; 67% of all TEAEs started and resolved on the day of administration. There were no serious TEAEs, and none led to study withdrawal. There were no clinically relevant between-group differences in CANTAB global composite score, CANTAB cognitive domain scores, or emotional processing scale scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results indicate that 10 mg and 25 mg doses of psilocybin were generally well tolerated when given to up to six participants simultaneously and did not have any detrimental short- or long-term effects on cognitive functioning or emotional processing.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>EudraCT (https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/) number: 2018-000978-30.</p>","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"114-125"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801675/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39867611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MDMA/ecstasy use and psilocybin use are associated with lowered odds of psychological distress and suicidal thoughts in a sample of US adults.","authors":"Grant M Jones,&nbsp;Matthew K Nock","doi":"10.1177/02698811211058923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211058923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and rates within the United States have risen over the past two decades. Hence, there is a critical need for novel tools to treat suicidal ideation and related mental health conditions. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)/ecstasy and classic psychedelics may be two such tools.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess non-causal associations between MDMA/ecstasy and classic psychedelic use and psychological distress and suicide risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we examined the aforementioned associations among 484,732 adult participants in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2008-2019).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lifetime MDMA/ecstasy use was associated with reduced odds of past year suicidal thinking (10% reduced odds; odds ratio (OR) = 0.90; 95% confidence interval, CI = (0.84-0.97); <i>p</i> < 0.01) and past year suicidal planning (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = (0.78-0.99); <i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, lifetime psilocybin use was associated with reduced odds of past month psychological distress (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = (0.73-0.84); <i>p</i> < 0.001) and past year suicidal thinking (OR = 0.90; 95% CI = (0.83-0.96); <i>p</i> < 0.01). Finally, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was associated with <i>increased</i> odds of past year suicidal thinking (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = (1.00-1.15); <i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin use are associated with reduced odds of suicidal thinking and related outcomes-though experimental studies are needed to determine whether these associations are causal. These findings call for more research into the efficacy of MDMA/ecstasy and classic psychedelics for treating psychological distress and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and for updated drug legislation that allows for further investigation into these substances.</p>","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"46-56"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39873958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychedelics and health behaviour change.","authors":"Pedro J Teixeira,&nbsp;Matthew W Johnson,&nbsp;Christopher Timmermann,&nbsp;Rosalind Watts,&nbsp;David Erritzoe,&nbsp;Hannah Douglass,&nbsp;Hannes Kettner,&nbsp;Robin L Carhart-Harris","doi":"10.1177/02698811211008554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211008554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Healthful behaviours such as maintaining a balanced diet, being physically active and refraining from smoking have major impacts on the risk of developing cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other serious conditions. The burden of the so-called 'lifestyle diseases'-in personal suffering, premature mortality and public health costs-is considerable. Consequently, interventions designed to promote healthy behaviours are increasingly being studied, e.g., using psychobiological models of behavioural regulation and change. In this article, we explore the notion that psychedelic substances such as psilocybin could be used to assist in promoting positive lifestyle change conducive to good overall health. Psilocybin has a low toxicity, is non-addictive and has been shown to predict favourable changes in patients with depression, anxiety and other conditions marked by rigid behavioural patterns, including substance (mis)use. While it is still early days for modern psychedelic science, research is advancing fast and results are promising. Here we describe psychedelics' proposed mechanisms of action and research findings pertinent to health behaviour change science, hoping to generate discussion and new research hypotheses linking the two areas. Therapeutic models including psychedelic experiences and common behaviour change methods (e.g., Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, Motivational Interviewing) are already being tested for addiction and eating disorders. We believe this research may soon be extended to help promote improved diet, exercise, nature exposure and also mindfulness or stress reduction practices, all of which can contribute to physical and psychological health and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/02698811211008554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38952169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psilocybin microdosing does not affect emotion-related symptoms and processing: A preregistered field and lab-based study.","authors":"Josephine Marschall,&nbsp;George Fejer,&nbsp;Pascal Lempe,&nbsp;Luisa Prochazkova,&nbsp;Martin Kuchar,&nbsp;Katerina Hajkova,&nbsp;Michiel van Elk","doi":"10.1177/02698811211050556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211050556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Microdoses of psychedelics (i.e. a sub-hallucinogenic dose taken every third day) can reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress according to anecdotal reports and observational studies. Research with medium to high doses of psilocybin points towards potential underlying mechanisms, including the modulation of emotion and interoceptive processing.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>In this preregistered study, we investigated whether psilocybin microdoses alter self-reported interoceptive awareness and whether repeated microdosing over 3 weeks modulates emotion processing and reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover design. Participants completed the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Questionnaire 1½ h after self-administering their second dose (or placebo), and the emotional go/no-go task and the shortened Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 1½ h after self-administering their seventh dose.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our confirmatory analyses revealed that psilocybin microdosing did not affect emotion processing or symptoms of anxiety and depression compared with placebo. Our exploratory analyses revealed that psilocybin microdosing did not affect self-reported interoceptive awareness, that symptoms of depression and stress were significantly reduced in the first block compared with baseline, that participants broke blind in the second block and that there was no effect of expectations. Further research in a substance-naïve population with clinical range anxiety and depressive symptoms is needed to substantiate the potential beneficial effects of microdosing.</p>","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"97-113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8801668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39593909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The age of psychedelics.","authors":"Allan H Young","doi":"10.1177/02698811211070065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211070065","url":null,"abstract":"The 21st century has seen a dramatic flow and ebb in the fortunes of clinical psychopharmacology particularly with regard to antidepressants. For about 20 years, perhaps from about 1985 onwards, the tide flowed in with many ‘new’ drugs being made available to clinicians. In mood and psychotic disorders, these were essentially incremental advances from old drugs such as amitriptyline and clozapine albeit often treatments with very real extra clinical benefits such as improved toxicity. Some of these, such as the SSRIs (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors), were even celebrated as ‘wonder drugs’ in popular culture. Inevitably, the tide turned. Many large pharmaceutical companies reoriented their strategic directions away from psychopharmacology causing much consternation from researchers in the field despite a flowering of experimental approaches which significantly enhanced our capacity for research (Dawson et al., 2011). The tide also turned in popular culture probably due to, now discredited, secondary analyses suggesting that SSRIs were not significantly better than placebo. Although, it has now been recognised that antidepressants ‘do work after all’ (Young and Moulton, 2020), it remains a concern that this further re-evaluation has not changed popular opinion which may be even influencing policy decisions and may likely reflect stigma and biases (Nutt et al., 2014). Controversy also continues with regard to antidepressants and withdrawal. Much of the recent debate here has focused on the prevalence and length of withdrawal, and some continue to state that withdrawal symptoms from these medicines constitute ‘addiction’. In an editorial in this Journal, experts helpfully reviewed the evidence underlying these recent debates, acknowledged gaps in knowledge and made suggestions for how the field can progress (Jauhar et al., 2019). Then came ketamine; metaanalyses indicate that ketamine can be an effective pharmacologic intervention for major depressive episodes and this treatment seems to be practicable in a routine clinical setting (Conley et al., 2021; Diamond et al., 2014). Although much remains to be understood about the psychopharmacology of ketamine (Jelen et al., 2021), it is clear that new therapies targeting glutamate, and indeed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are emerging (Gordon, 2019) and may become useful clinical treatments. In parallel with these exciting new therapeutic developments, the whole field of psychedelic psychopharmacology has also emerged from the shadows cast a generation ago by the ‘war on drugs’ (Carhart-Harris et al., 2013). Ironically, given the recent emphasis on novel neurotransmitter-based approaches, these are essentially serotonergic drugs all having in common the property of 5-HT2A agonism (Dos Santos et al., 2021). The emerging novel treatment for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), which has beneficially augmented psychotherapy in severa","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"3-5"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39867608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effects of methodological differences on outcomes in the use of psychedelics in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Robert F Leger,&nbsp;Ellen M Unterwald","doi":"10.1177/02698811211044688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211044688","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Classical psychedelics are a group of drugs which act as agonists on the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor. Evidence suggests they may have a uniquely rapid and enduring positive effect on mood. However, marked heterogeneity between methodological designs in this emerging field remains a significant concern.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To determine how differences in the type of psychedelic agent used and the number of dosing sessions administered affect subjects' depression and anxiety outcomes and adverse drug reactions (ADR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review collected and screened 1591 records from the MEDLINE and Web of Science databases for clinical trials reporting objective data on mood for subjects with a known anxiety or depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After screening, nine clinical trials met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of these studies showed significant, large positive effect sizes for measures of anxiety (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 1.26) and depression (Cohen's <i>d</i> = 1.38) overall. These positive effects were also significant at acute (⩽1 week) and extended (>1 week) time points. No significant differences were observed between trials using different psychedelic agents (psilocybin, ayahuasca or lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)), however, a significant difference was observed in favour of trials with multiple dosing sessions. No serious ADR were reported.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Psilocybin, ayahuasca and LSD all appear to be effective and relatively safe agents capable of producing rapid and sustained improvements in anxiety and depression. Moreover, the findings of the present analysis suggest that they may show a greater efficacy when given to patients over multiple sessions as compared to the more common single session used in many of the existing trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"20-30"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39433691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which are the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who respond to subcutaneous esketamine?","authors":"João Pedro de Oliveira Morais da Costa,&nbsp;Luísa Weber Bisol,&nbsp;Fabio Gomes de Matos E Souza","doi":"10.1177/02698811211035392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211035392","url":null,"abstract":"The paper by Lucchese et al. (2021), published in Journal of Psychopharmacology, January 9th 2021, provides important information about the use of subcutaneous esketamine in real-world patients. However, some points need to be clarified: First, the majority of patients received the doses of 1 mg/kg, but the paper does not make clear whether those patients were the same who presented a better response. Second, the best response was observed in patients with comorbidity anxiety disorder. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders – fourth edition (DSM-IV) was used as the diagnostic criteria to include and exclude patients, anxiety disorders in this version of the DSM included post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), we do not comprehend why the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders – fifth edition (DSM-5) was not used since it was published in 2013 and data were collected between 2017 and 2018 (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 2013). Moreover, these patients with anxiety disorders were in use of benzodiazepines (BZD)? How many of them had PTSD or OCD? Third, Table 2 is misleading, mostly because it suppresses two of the duration parameter classes used in the Maudsley Staging Method (MSM), which are acute and subacute (Fekadu et al., 2009). For complete data analysis, all the classes should have been shown in Table 2 including the number of treatment failures. Fourth, why were chosen, out of all categories in the DSM-IV, only anxiety disorders to be reported, was because it was the only one to be statistically significant? Fifth, why most of the chosen patients have such a high body mass index (BMI) (mean = 29 and SD = 7.5)? The relation between treatment response and BMI was not made clear, as it was not shown if patients with a lower BMI responded equally to the ones with high BMI. It is important to make this clear, since there are pharmacokinetic differences in the bioavailability between patients with high rates of fat and ones with lower rates. In addition, there may be different drug effects, considering the different metabolic rates between these two groups. Lastly, six patients dropped out of the trial, but the reasons were not revealed, was it side effects, lack of efficacy?","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"1542-1544"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39273634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced responsiveness to hypoxic panicogenic challenge in female rats in late diestrus is suppressed by short-term, low-dose fluoxetine: Involvement of the dorsal raphe nucleus and the dorsal periaqueductal gray.","authors":"Matheus F Batistela, Heloísa H Vilela-Costa, Alana T Frias, Paloma M Hernandes, Thelma A Lovick, Helio Zangrossi","doi":"10.1177/02698811211058986","DOIUrl":"10.1177/02698811211058986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute hypoxia, which is panicogenic in humans, also evokes panic-like behavior in male rats. Panic disorder is more common in women and susceptibility increases during the premenstrual phase of the cycle.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>We here investigated for the first time the impact of hypoxia on the expression of panic-like escape behavior by female rats and its relationship with the estrous cycle. We also evaluated functional activation of the midbrain panic circuitry in response to this panicogenic stimulus and whether short-term, low-dose fluoxetine treatment inhibits the hyper-responsiveness of females in late diestrus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 7% O₂. Females in late diestrus were also tested after short-term treatment with fluoxetine (1.75 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Brains were harvested and processed for c-Fos and tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Acute hypoxia evoked escape in both sexes. Overall, females were more responsive than males and this is clearer in late diestrus phase. In both sexes, hypoxia induced functional activation (c-Fos expression) in non-serotonergic cells in the lateral wings of the DR and dorsomedial PAG, which was greater in late diestrus than proestrus (lowest behavioral response to hypoxia). Increased responding in late diestrus (behavioral and cellular levels) was prevented by 1.75, but not 10 mg/kg fluoxetine.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The response of female rats to acute hypoxia models panic behavior in women. Low-dose fluoxetine administered in the premenstrual phase deserves further attention for management of panic disorders in women.</p>","PeriodicalId":156490,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)","volume":" ","pages":"1523-1535"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39575266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}