Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691172408.003.0008
Diana Kim
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Diana Kim","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691172408.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691172408.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter reflects on the analytical and normative significance to this book's approach toward colonial bureaucracies and inner anxieties of the administrative state. Understanding this bureaucratic dynamic in the historical context of Southeast Asia provides a theoretical opportunity for scholars of colonialism and the modern state to rethink some basic assumptions about why and how rulers govern. The interrelated analytical and normative implications to this alternative understanding orients attention away from the loud hubris of power toward the quiet trepidations of those who govern. To begin by thinking along with welcome approaches to reconceptualizing the state in light of its complexity and “many hands, functions, and forms of power,” political scientists gain reason to assume less coherence behind motivations for bureaucratic projects that adjust and advance the state's fiscal reach. If there are context-specific regulatory histories and ambivalent administrative actors, then rationales for policies altering the scope of taxation and depth of social control must differ depending on how bureaucracies reflect on their own pasts and construct problems internally. It follows that retrospective assessments, ways of archiving official records, and interpretation by low-level administrators may define reasons that higher officials take for granted as imperatives for state action.","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"576 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116066606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.15
{"title":"APPENDIX","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132815890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.10
Diana Kim
{"title":"“Morally Wrecked” in British Burma, 1870s–1890s","authors":"Diana Kim","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Burma in the 1870s. It traces a twenty-year process through which the British colonial state came to define a crisis of “moral wreckage” caused by opium and introduced an opium monopoly, while enacting an unprecedented ban on Burmese opium consumption in 1894. The chapter argues that the ideas and everyday work of on-site officials guided British Burma's reforms by constructing an official problem of “moral wreckage” that posited opium consumption as causing the ruin of 11 percent of the indigenous Burmese population. This specific narrative and number had a distinctive genealogy within the bureaucracy, which the chapter traces using a diverse range of records that capture the multilevel nature of paperwork that administrators generated across the colony's jail and prisons, as well as departments for excise, customs, public health, and finance relating to opium. It thus shows how these actors haphazardly produced a particular strand of colonial knowledge that claimed privileged authenticity based on direct observation and physical proximity that guided the introduction of the 1894 Burma Amendment to the 1878 All India Opium Act and the creation of opium consumer registries.","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123903670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.11
Diana Kim
{"title":"Fiscal Dependency in British Malaya, 1890s–1920s","authors":"Diana Kim","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter turns to Malaya, another site of British rule, where the monopoly was introduced more than a decade later in 1910, without expressed concerns about indigenous opium consumption or sumptuary restrictions. It shows instead how the British colonial state was highly reliant on opium revenue; and the monopoly emerged as local administrators were reversing longstanding acceptance of such dependency as a natural condition of colonial government. Over the course of several decades, taxing opium sales became conceived of as an untenable practice and challenge to fiscal order, culminating in the introduction of an opium revenue reserve fund in 1925 to enable the substitution of opium taxes. Officially, its declared purpose was to reduce reliance on opium taxes for one of the most fiscally opium-dependent territories of Southeast Asia under European rule, by setting aside a large sum of surplus revenue to which a fixed ten percent share of subsequent years' revenue would be added. The fund was first introduced in 1925 for the Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca, and Penang, as well as the Malay State of Johor, and extended across the Federated Malay States by 1929.","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130833916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.13
Diana Kim
{"title":"Colonial Legacies","authors":"Diana Kim","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the lasting legacies of the opium monopolies. It links the infrastructures they established for restricting opium's commercial life to the region's post-World War II illicit opium economies and harshly punitive laws against drug trafficking. The chapter also utilizes a set of historical photographs to dwell on what alternative visions of state power and perspectives on vulnerability are rendered visible by better understanding the colonial history of opium prohibition. In addition, this chapter dwells on what has become invisible and taken for granted about the power of the state in the realm of opium and drug addiction. It concludes by addressing the analytical and normative implications to understanding the colonial administrative state in light of its fragilities and reinterpreting bureaucratic discretion as a creative act of problem solving.","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130856418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.9
Diana Kim
{"title":"3. The Different Lives of Southeast Asia’s Opium Monopolies","authors":"Diana Kim","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter surveys the opium monopolies of Southeast Asia from the 1890s to the 1940s. It lays out differences in regulatory reforms for restricting opium sales and popular consumption. The chapter also provides background on key events and developments that inform existing scholarship on colonial opium prohibition: the decline of the India–China trade, the US annexation of the Philippines, and imperial entry into Southeast Asia, as well as the emergence of medicalized drug control regimes in Britain, France, and internationally under the League of Nations. The chapter also aims to persuade those already familiar with this history to be more puzzled about the colonial institution of an opium monopoly. Looking across multiple empires, it shows how differently European powers implemented policies restricting opium that not only differ on a colony-by-colony basis in ways that challenge conventional understandings of opium monopolies as arrangements for maximizing revenue collection, but also do not map neatly onto major metropolitan and international developments.","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128946652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.3
{"title":"List of Figures","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"22 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128531393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.19
{"title":"INDEX","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125172977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Empires of VicePub Date : 2020-02-18DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.12
Diana Kim
{"title":"Disastrous Abundance in French Indochina, 1920s–1940s","authors":"Diana Kim","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d4p6.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks to Indochina in the 1920s, when the French colonial state was reporting comparably high shares of revenue from opium taxes to British Malaya. It identifies a very different set of concerns animating local administrators who misreported official revenue numbers while struggling to manage an opium monopoly that ran itself into bankruptcy. The chapter traces a process through which a minor accounting measure in 1925, originally designed to allow emergency liquidity for purchasing foreign opium, became an entrenched mechanism for artificially balancing the budget, which slowly accumulated into a crisis of overdrawn accounts and unpaid debts that threatened the financial viability of colonial government. These were known as the cessions fictives. While at first a minor accounting practice within the legal boundaries of colonial administration, these cessions fictives were repeated in following years and became an entrenched mechanism for balancing the colony's budget.","PeriodicalId":155593,"journal":{"name":"Empires of Vice","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130610169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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