Journal of Controlled Release最新文献

{"title":"Repurposing mesalamine for acute kidney injury through supramolecular assembly","authors":"Byeongmin Park, Daeho Park, Hochung Jang, Yoon Sook Ko, Hee Young Lee, Young Eun Choi, Jiwoong Choi, Se Won Oh, Sang-Kyung Jo, Sun Hwa Kim, Yongju Kim, Sangmin Lee, Kwangmeyung Kim, Myung-Gyu Kim, Yoosoo Yang, Man Kyu Shim","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114041","url":null,"abstract":"Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent and life-threatening condition, particularly in patients undergoing high-risk surgeries, where the incidence can exceed 50 %. Despite its growing impact, therapeutic options remain limited, with dialysis being the primary treatment. Drug repurposing offers a better risk-versus-reward trade-off for accelerating the development of effective therapies. Mesalamine, a clinically approved anti-inflammatory agent for ulcerative colitis, can be a promising candidate for AKI treatment due to its ability to modulate various inflammatory pathways. However, their risk of nephrotoxicity from systemic exposure underscores the need for strategies to control off-target effects. Here, we propose a mesalamine prodrug, a conjugate between mesalamine and a cathepsin B-cleavable peptide, which spontaneously forms nanoassemblies through intermolecular interactions. In a mouse AKI model, these nanoassemblies accumulate in the inflamed kidney by becoming trapped between disrupted tight junctions, subsequently releasing mesalamine precisely at the site of injured tubular cells to alleviate the disease. Meanwhile, side effects from non-specific drug release are minimized as the nanoassemblies remain inactive in healthy tubular cells and other normal organs with relatively low cathepsin B expression. This study provides valuable insights into a rational approach to facilitating drug repositioning for the effective and safer use of mesalamine in AKI.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alleviation of dry eye disease with lyophilized extracellular vesicles","authors":"Xiaohong Ren, Xueyuan Lin, Feng Li, Shiyu Zheng, Yuewen Wen, Guoqing Zhang, Rui Yang, Li Wu, Jiwen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114044","url":null,"abstract":"Dry eye disease (DED), a prevalent ocular condition affecting millions globally, necessitates the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for long-term management. Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown therapeutic potential for DED, their clinical translation has been substantially limited by stability issues during storage. In this study, a novel lyophilization strategy incorporating ectoine - a natural osmolyte with superior bio-stabilization capabilities - was developed to address these challenges. For the first time, an ectoine-enhanced lyophilization protocol was established to preserve the key functional properties of milk-derived EVs (mEVs) during prolonged storage at 4 °C. Comprehensive characterization through hydrodynamic analysis, structural evaluation, β-galactosidase activity assessment, and functional validation demonstrated that mEVs lyophilized with 0.5 %–4 % (m/v) ectoine maintained critical biological properties for over two months, representing a significant improvement compared to conventional preservation methods. The lyophilized mEVs were shown to effectively protect human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) against hyperosmolarity-induced damage. Notably, in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced rabbit model of DED, the optimized formulation exhibited enhanced therapeutic performance, as evidenced by significant improvements in clinical parameters and ocular surface health. These findings establish ectoine-based lyophilization as a transformative preservation methodology for EV-based therapeutics, providing a robust solution to persistent stability challenges in ocular drug delivery systems and facilitating the clinical translation of EV-based treatments for DED and related ocular surface disorders.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Naturally derived mucoadhesive nanosuspension for treatment of multiple staged ocular infections","authors":"Yuting Zheng, Liangju Kuang, Cathy Lu, Steven Vo, Akitomo Narimatsu, Zhonghong Kong, Reza Dana, Nasim Annabi","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114046","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial ocular infections pose significant risks to vision and incur substantial economic burdens worldwide. Current standards of care, such as eye drops and ointments, suffer from poor drug bioavailability (&lt;5 %), rapid clearance, and insufficient retention, preventing dual prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. To address these limitations, we developed naturally derived mucoadhesive gelatin methacryloyl based nanoparticles (GelMAP NPs) functionalized with phenylboronic acid (PBA) for the sustained delivery of moxifloxacin (MFX), a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Dispersed in a custom-designed shear-thinning matrix formulated with hyaluronic acid (HA) to enhance viscosity and ocular retention, the GelMAP nanosuspension exhibited robust mucoadhesion, efficient drug loading (&gt;70 %), and sustained <em>in vitro</em> drug release. Biocompatibility and bactericidal efficacy were confirmed <em>in vitro</em>, showing &gt;95 % cell viability in NIH 3 T3 and human corneal epithelial cells, along with notable antibacterial activity against key ocular pathogens over 7 days. In a healthy murine model, the biosafety of the nanosuspension was confirmed. The MFX-loaded nanosuspension demonstrated around 2.6-fold longer half-life in the cornea compared to commercial MFX drops (Vigamox®), indicating higher drug retention. Designed to prevent infection and treat established conditions, its efficacy was evaluated in a murine bacterial keratitis model. The MFX-loaded nanosuspension outperformed Vigamox® by reducing corneal opacity, achieving lower clinical scores (indicating better outcomes), and decreasing bacterial counts. Histological analysis showed minimal inflammation and a preserved corneal structure, validating the effectiveness of the GelMAP nanosuspension. Currently, no NP formulation has demonstrated dual efficacy in managing both early and established infections, underscoring GelMAP nanosuspension's potential for comprehensive ocular infection management by reducing treatment frequency, minimizing complications, and enhancing patient compliance.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144640583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An in vivo combined induction strategy of whole cancer cell vaccines triggers systemic immunity to eradicate triple-negative breast cancer","authors":"Yuanyuan Lu, Yueying Dai, Yushi Qin, Xiaoru Jia, Xiaoya Li, Shuang Lu, Xinrong Liu, Yanzhi Song, Yihui Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114045","url":null,"abstract":"Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the most challenging subtypes of breast cancer, facing the clinical challenges of chemotherapeutic toxicity and immune related adverse events. Traditional therapeutic cancer vaccines, which have relatively low toxicity, also fail, due to a lack of vaccine immunogenicity. Herein, we developed an <em>in vivo</em> combined induction strategy of whole cancer cell vaccines (WCVs), based on sialic acid (SA)-L-selectin axis-mediated <em>in vivo</em> live-cell nano-drug delivery system (LCNDDS). Antigen inducers (melittin and mitoxantrone) precisely targeted tumors <em>via</em> the <em>in vivo</em> LCNDDS, and collectively facilitated the whole release of tumor antigens, particularly tumor cell membrane antigens. This process activated dendritic cells and helper T lymphocytes, depleted myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and generated active cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, thereby showing an “optimus prime” tumor inhibition index. Furthermore, the WCVs co-induced <em>in vivo</em> nearly eradicated both early and advanced TNBC, extended the survival of mice, and established robust immune memory to prevent secondary sepsis in advanced cancer, with excellent biological safety. In summary, the <em>in vivo</em> combined induction strategy of WCVs based on SA-L-selectin axis can trigger systemic immune activation to eradicate TNBC. Our findings present a novel strategy for addressing the clinical challenges of TNBC.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"205 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144645554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in paclitaxel nanoformulations: A systematic review of in vivo therapeutic efficacy and safety enhancements","authors":"Salma Seyam, Batoul Alallam, Nurdianah Harif Fadzilah, Erazuliana Abd Kadir","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114036","url":null,"abstract":"Paclitaxel (PTX) is a broad-spectrum anticancer compound which nowadays used as the most common chemotherapeutic agent against many forms of cancer. The application of this compound is difficult because of its limited solubility, recrystallisation upon dilution, and cosolvent-induced toxicity. As a way to overcome these hindrances, nanotechnology could offer solutions by enabling specific and selective delivery of the drug to target sites while also increasing the drug half-life and lowering its toxicity. Nanoparticles (NPs) are capable of enhancing antitumour effects while demonstrating minimal toxicity in normal tissues, as well as building up in the tissue, potentially linked to enhanced permeability and retention. A trend analysis of literature on the latest advancements in nanomaterials developed for PTX delivery was conducted through a bibliometric approach. This review focused on the enhancement of PTX anticancer therapeutic effects and reduction of its toxicity by the nanoformulations (NFs). A total of 2712 papers published between 2018 and 2023 were screened on the development of nanomaterials for PTX delivery. The data were gathered from the ScienceDirect, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Sixty-six in vivo studies have been included in the qualitative synthesis assessment. Most of the studies revealed superior therapeutic efficiency of the PTX NFs compared to the free PTX treatment, as presented in the reported animal studies using rodent cancer models. These outcomes were generally accomplished through static and dynamic targeting to specific tumour environment. This review also highlights the therapeutic importance of PTX nanomaterials across different types of cancer rodent models, including data on their toxicity and safety. PTX NFs could serve as a safer and efficient alternative for conventional PTX cancer treatment by improving the drug's delivery and safety, thus providing new avenues for PTX-based cancer treatment and management.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inorganic nanomaterials for drug delivery and therapeutic applications: Promise, pitfalls, and publication standards in journal of controlled release","authors":"Yu Seok Youn","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114037","url":null,"abstract":"<h2>Section snippets</h2><section><section><h2>Declaration of competing interest</h2>Yu Seok Youn is an Associate Editor of Journal of Controlled Release.</section></section>","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antitumor efficacy achieved by targeting PEGylated nanomedicines to netrin-1 in the extracellular matrix or EphA2 on the cancer cell membrane","authors":"Po-Chuan Chiu, Yi-Chen Lin, Trieu Thi My Tran, Kai-Wen Ho, Shih-Hung Yang, Daniel Lin, Yong Sze Ong, Chun-Hung Lin, Yu-Lin Leu, Benjamin Gibert, Steve R. Roffler","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114042","url":null,"abstract":"Targeting nanocarriers to tumors to increase their therapeutic efficacy requires selection of appropriate cancer targets and may depend on the particular formulation under investigation. Here, we compare the effectiveness of targeting PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) or glycosidic switch liposomes (GSL) formulated with a glucuronide prodrug of 9-aminocamptothecin to ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2) present on the membrane of cancer cells or netrin-1 present in the tumor extracellular matrix. Targeting PLD to EphA2 or netrin-1 with bispecific PEG engagers significantly decreased the IC₅₀ value of PLD from 1.94 μM to 0.65 μM for Netrin-1 and 0.31 μM for EphA2 after 2 h. Targeting EphA2 decreased the IC₅₀ value of GSL from 38.2 μM to 1.73 μM, but targeting netrin-1 significantly increased GSL IC₅₀ to 49.9 μM after 2 h. Premixing PEGylated liposomes with PEG engagers targeting either EphA2 or netrin-1 significantly increased uptake of liposomes in HCT116 tumors in NOD-SCID mice. PLD targeted to EphA2 or netrin-1 significantly extended the mean survival times of NOD-SCID mice bearing HCT116 tumors from 54 days for untargeted PLD to 64 days for Netrin-1 and 80 days for EphA2. GSL targeted to EphA2 significantly extended mice survival to 64 days as compared to 51 days for untargeted GSL but targeting netrin-1 significantly reduced the survival of mice bearing HCT116 tumors to 42 days. Our results indicate that targeting the extracellular matrix can increase the antitumor activity of some nanomedicines, but that careful selection of compatible nanomedicines is necessary.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymer-free tacrolimus microsphere implants for long-acting prevention of corneal neovascularization in rats by subconjunctiva injection","authors":"Jinbin Liu, Huanglan Yan, Dengning Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114043","url":null,"abstract":"Corneal neovascularization (CNV) severely compromises vision and remains difficult to manage with current pharmacotherapies, which are often limited by rapid drug clearance, poor tissue penetration, and adverse effects. Although polymer-based drug carriers can provide sustained drug release, they frequently suffer from low drug-loading capacity, suboptimal release kinetics, or induce inflammatory responses. Tacrolimus (FK506), a potent immunosuppressant with anti-inflammatory activity, is similarly limited by poor water solubility and rapid ocular clearance when administered as eye drops. In this study, we developed a polymer-free tacrolimus microsphere system using an emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The resulting microspheres exhibited uniform morphology (6.8 ± 1.0 μm) with a high drug-loading capacity (up to 98 ± 2 %) and a dense amorphous internal structure. <em>In vitro</em>, the microsphere showed a sustained release profile, reaching 85 % cumulative release by Day 30. In a rat CNV model, subconjunctival injection of tacrolimus microsphere maintained elevated drug concentrations in the cornea (81.0 ± 21.2 ng/g) and sclera (114.2 ± 34.9 ng/g) for at least one month and significantly suppressed CNV progression, reduced corneal opacity, and decreased the expression of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β) and angiogenic (VEGF) markers. Histological analysis further confirmed improved corneal architecture, minimal inflammatory infiltration, and reduced neovascularization. In contrast, tacrolimus eye drops demonstrated limited therapeutic benefit and rapid clearance. Overall, these findings highlight polymer-free tacrolimus microsphere as a promising long-acting delivery platform for effective CNV management upon subconjunctiva injection, with the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes by enabling sustained drug release and reducing administration frequency.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144629882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liposomal dexamethasone for intra-articular therapy: Functional strategies and clinical progress","authors":"Qing Yao, Yifei Yang, Miyun Hu, Yifan Qiu, Yannan Shi, Longfa Kou","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114040","url":null,"abstract":"Intra-articular (IA) injection of dexamethasone (DEX) is an established approach for managing inflammation in arthritis, but it is limited by rapid clearance and short-lived efficacy. Liposomes offer a versatile platform to address these issues by enhancing joint retention and enabling sustained release. This review outlines the pharmacological basis for liposomal DEX in IA therapy and systematically discusses emerging functional strategies to optimize its therapeutic performance. These include leveraging liposome-based lubrication, dual-drug loading for synergistic effects, and stimuli-responsive formulations for on-demand release. We further examine targeting strategies to enhance joint specificity, theranostic liposomes integrating imaging and therapy, and hybrid systems combining liposomes with hydrogels or microspheres for prolonged action. Finally, we highlight the clinical progress of IA liposomal DEX, including approved formulations and ongoing trials, and discuss translational opportunities and challenges. This review provides an integrated perspective on the current status and future directions of liposomal DEX for IA therapy, aiming to inform the development of more durable, targeted, and multifunctional IA corticosteroid systems.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144612839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy versus immunogenicity of LNP-mediated delivery of mRNA and self-amplifying RNA upon intravitreal injection in the mouse eye","authors":"Weiran Li, Helena Vanluchene, Laura Raes, Karen Peynshaert, Lien Veys, Sofía González Hernández, Emily De Lombaerde, Bruno G. De Geest, Niek N. Sanders, Lieve Moons, Koen Raemdonck, Lies De Groef, Katrien Remaut","doi":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114027","url":null,"abstract":"Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics offer a powerful and versatile approach for treating retinal diseases by enabling transient expression of therapeutic proteins in the retina. By delivering carefully designed mRNAs, it is possible to restore, replace, or modulate gene function, opening new avenues for regenerative therapies and vision preservation. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the current state-of-the-art delivery system for mRNA. While the use of mRNA LNPs as vaccines has been booming, only few research groups have investigated LNP-mediated delivery of mRNA to the retina <em>in vivo</em>, with as main focus the amount and location of mRNA expression in the retina. Alternative mRNA platforms such as self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) have not been investigated in the eye before. Also the immunogenicity associated with retinal mRNA or saRNA LNP delivery remains largely unexplored. In this work, we explored the efficacy and immunogenicity of intravitreally delivered mRNA and saRNA LNPs to the mouse retina, using the established ionizable lipids C12–200 and DLin-MC3-DMA, and a recently developed ionizable lipid S-Ac7-DOg. We found that <em>in vitro,</em> C12–200 and S-Ac7-DOg LNPs outperformed DLin-MC3-DMA LNPs in terms of mRNA expression in retinal cells. <em>In vivo,</em> mRNA expression remained limited to the optic nerve head region and a few Müller glia in the retina for all LNPs tested, while saRNA expression was almost completely absent. <em>In vitro</em> only the saRNA LNPs triggered innate immunity, in the order C12–200 &gt; MC3 &gt; S-Ac7-DOg, while <em>in vivo</em> the ionizable lipid C12–200 triggered the highest, but transient immune response, followed by MC3 and S-Ac7-DOg. Overall, we conclude that intravitreal delivery of mRNA and saRNA LNPs currently results in a limited protein expression, independent of LNP composition and cargo. In addition, LNP composition plays a crucial role in triggering a local immune response, with C12–200 being the most immunogenic and S-Ac7-DOg the least immunogenic ionizable lipid. These findings highlight that both immunogenicity and delivery efficiency to the retina remain key challenges to address in future optimization efforts.","PeriodicalId":15450,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Controlled Release","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}