{"title":"MITI’s Successes and Failures in Controlling Japan’s Technology Imports","authors":"L. Lynn","doi":"10.15057/5612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5612","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125937130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Japanese overseas Investment in Recent Years and Corporate Responses to the Single EC Market","authors":"Mitsuhiro Hirata","doi":"10.15057/5681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5681","url":null,"abstract":"Faced with sharp yen appreciation, harsh trade friction and ridden the crest of the globalisation of the Japanese economy and business, Japanese foreign direct investment was extremely active in the second half of the 1980s, Nevertheless, it has been slowing down in the early 1990s. This paper clarifies the characteristic trends in Japanese overseas investment in recent years. On I January 1993, the single EC market came into effect. Its strategic implication consisted in strengthening the competitiveness of European companies and driving a wedge into the economic dominance of the U.S. and Japan. Japanese frms also faced with the compelling problem of responding to the EC market integration. A greater part of the paper is devoted to Japanese corporate responses to the single EC market. The detailed analysis is based upon the surveys conducted by three institutions. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes that the real pan-europeanisation of Japanese frms lies in maintaining and improving the quality of life of Europeans through localisation of production, management and R&D in Europe.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121385898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organizational Innovation in the Japanese Basic Research : Challenges and Problems","authors":"T. Kusunoki","doi":"10.15057/5682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5682","url":null,"abstract":"While Japan is becoming a leader in engineering or development, it still lags behind western countries in the field of basic research. One of the most critical reasons ,for this lies in organizational characteristics and management styles in basic research institutes in Japan. Most of Japanese basic research institutes can be characterized as bureaucratic organizations which primarily pursue stability and continuity of researchers and research activities at the sacrifice of flexibility and fiuidity. Much of the literature on R&D management has argued that such a lack of flexibility and fluidity in organizations has negative effects on performance as a result of the decrease of technical communication among researchers In the case , of basic research organizations, the decrease of external communication accompanied with excessive organizational ability is especially problematic in terms of research performance. Recently, however, totally new types of basic research institutes called dynamic network organizations have been increasingly established in Japan. The dynamic network organizations can be characterized by exceptional flexibility and fluidity in management systems. The most substantial example of the experiment of the dynamic network organization in ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology), a government sponsored lab. By comparing ERATO and one of the most distinguished basic research institutes, MITI Iaboratory, which is a typical representative of bureaucratic organizations, this paper explores the effectiveness of the emerging dynamic network organization and the problems of the bureaucratic organization in Japanese basic research in terms of researchers' communication behavior and performance. l . Introductron Problems and Challenges m Japanese Basic Research Organizations Recently, sources of competitive advantage of Japan have been shifting from manufacturing to R&D (Porter, 1990). Japan is now becoming a leader not only in manufacturing but also in engineering such as product and process development (Okimoto, 1986). On * I appreciate comments received from participants of the International Conference on Science and Technology Policy into the Next Century hosted by the MIT Japan Science and Technology Program, January 7-9, 1993, at which this paper was presented. I would also like to thank Tish Robinson, Doctoral Candidate of MIT Sloan School, for her help in improving my English. 38 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT [Decembcr the other hand, still lagging behind western countries, Japanese contributions in the field of basic research are less significant (Sakakibara, 1991).1 One of the most critical problems of Japanese basic research lies in management styles in basic research organizations in Japan. Most of Japanese basic research organizations, especially universities and national laboratories can be characterized as bureaucratic organizations which pirmarily pursue stability and continuity of research st","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120964025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Technological Innovation and Performance Pressures in Europe and Japan","authors":"A. Tylecote, Mitsuhiro Hirata","doi":"10.15057/5680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5680","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to explain differences in the rate and character of technological innovation among European countries-particularly Britain and Germany-and between them and Japan. The general hypothesis is that the nature of the external and internal relationships of firms affects the performance pressures upon managers at the various levels in the frm ; that these in turn affect their objectives ; and that their objectives affect the rate and character of technological change in the frm. The empirical discussion shows how performance pressures have responded to changes in the social and economic environment of the countries concerned, since 1945, and how they may be expected to develop by the end of the century. The differences found account well for the very different pattern of revealed technological advantage in Britain and Japan. In most respects Germany is found to be intermediate between Japan and Britain, and to have an intermediate outcome in terms of technological advantage.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121660489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Dilemma of Technological Leadership : A Conceptual Framework","authors":"T. Kusunoki","doi":"10.15057/5746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5746","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates that a simple proposition that technological leadership enables a firm to initiate radical product innovation is potentially misleading, and presents a conceptual framework called \"the dilemma of technological leadership.\" Highiighting the differences between product development and technology development, which have tended to be more or less neglected, from the perspective of problem-solving, the framework shows that mechanisms embedded in a technologically leading firm impede radical product innovation, and that pursuing or establishing technological leadership itself inevitably includes some negative effects on the magnitude of product innovation. Our framework suggests that the dilemma is not simply a matter of mentality of a technological leader, but a result of natural and subjectively rational behavior of a technologically leading firm in order to make the most of its technological advantage in approaching porduct innovation, and that there would be a pitfall for a technological leader which intends to create competitive advantage through radical innovation by resorting to its rich technological capabilities.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115036440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Problems in the Japanese Financial System in the Early 1990s","authors":"Yoshinori Shimizu","doi":"10.15057/5749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5749","url":null,"abstract":"The Japanese financial system is now undergoing many serious problems due to the col-lapse of the \"speculative bubble\" which occurred at the start of the 1990s. Most of these problems were caused by the excessively expansionary policy of major Japanese financial institutions during the boom period of the late 1980s as well as the expansionary monetary policy pursued during that time. This paper describes several aspects of the current problems including the recent changes in the financial system, these effects on the economy, and the relationship with the re*'ulatory authorities. It also eva]uates the soundness and competitiveness of Japan's financial system in the international context towards the future.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125613221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Note on Look-Back Options Based on Order Statistics","authors":"Ryozo Miura","doi":"10.15057/5748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5748","url":null,"abstract":"Average options and minimum (or maximum) options are well-known look-back options. In this paper we define new look-back options which use the order statistics of the stock prices for the exercise prices and/or for the underlying variables of the options. The probability distributions of the order statistics which are required for pricing are obtained here. Though we have not yet reached the pricing formula of these options, we are close to it. What is left to be done for pricing will be pointed out.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126761289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sequential Decision Making: Some Non-Technical Applications of Dynamic Programming","authors":"J. M. Norman","doi":"10.15057/5824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5824","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"74 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120922965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Import Pricing under Volatility and Misalignments of Exchange Rates","authors":"E. Ogawa","doi":"10.15057/5823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"438 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116017292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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