wiiw Research Reports最新文献

Competitiveness of the European economy 欧洲经济的竞争力

wiiw Research Reports Pub Date : 2015-05-01 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28742-6_8

M. Landesmann, S. Leitner, Robert Stehrer

引用次数: 8

Moldova: Structural Change, Trade Specialization and International Integration 摩尔多瓦:结构变化、贸易专业化与国际一体化

wiiw Research Reports Pub Date : 2007-12-01 DOI: 10.5771/9783845210049-231

A. Libman

{"title":"Moldova: Structural Change, Trade Specialization and International Integration","authors":"A. Libman","doi":"10.5771/9783845210049-231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845210049-231","url":null,"abstract":"After fifteen years of economic transformation, Moldova still remains a mostly agrarian country. The industrial sector is only successful in connection with agriculture (such as the production of food or beverages). The country's agrarian structure seems to be a legacy of Moldova's former role in the division of labour within the Soviet Union. Although the absence of the 'resource curse' facilitated Moldova's relative success in economic and political institutional reforms, there are still significant drawbacks in the quality of the economic order which prevent the institutional factor from compensating the 'geographical' deficits. An additional problem is the Transdniestrian conflict, which has resulted in the existence of a 'split state' and a 'split society'. High labour emigration in the wake of rising poverty, deficits of the labour market and the advantages of social integration within the post-Soviet space have a twofold effect on economic transformation they reduce internal demand and workforce potential, but also create a permanent and significant inflow of migrants' transfers and establish opportunities for learning effects. Moldova's geographical structure of trade is still dominated by the CIS. The European vector of its foreign trade remains underdeveloped, partly because of EU agricultural trade restrictions, but to a great extent because of internal trade barriers. Moldova's major comparative advantage (with respect to both the CIS and the EU, as well as globally) lies in agricultural production - food, beverages, tobacco, animal and vegetable oils - which is reflected in a very low diversification of exports. Imports are by far more diversified; the major imported goods are fuels, machinery and equipment. The energy intensity of the Moldovan economy makes the country extremely dependent on Russian gas and oil. In order to achieve positive structural shifts and move away from agricultural specialization, Moldova needs to continue economic and political reforms and improve the quality of the investment climate in order to attract FDI. A peaceful resolution of the Transdniestrian conflict is of vital importance from the point of view of investment risks. Further consolidation of democracy could help to reduce rent-seeking and state capture (which is still very high in the republic). The evolution of the Communist administration since 2001 has been very promising in this respect. Moldova seems to be a natural benefactor of 'open regionalism' solutions in the Eurasian space, which could give it an opportunity to simultaneously improve its trade relations with the EU, the CIS and Southeast Europe. The EU Neighbourhood Policy could act as a trigger for internal reforms and as a factor of external re-orientation (if major problems such as Transdniestria could be resolved). On the other hand, Moldova could benefit from a redesigning of post-Soviet integration to make it compatible with the Western vector of integration, reduce political as","PeriodicalId":153726,"journal":{"name":"wiiw Research Reports","volume":"260 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120979567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Structural Change and Trade Integration on EU-NIS Borders 欧盟- nis边界的结构变化与贸易一体化

wiiw Research Reports Pub Date : 2007-05-01 DOI: 10.5771/9783845210049-119

P. Havlík

{"title":"Structural Change and Trade Integration on EU-NIS Borders","authors":"P. Havlík","doi":"10.5771/9783845210049-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845210049-119","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the process of trade integration between the enlarged European Union and the Newly Independent States (NIS), focusing on the new EU member states (NMS) and selected NIS (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and Kazakhstan). The paper analyses the evolution of the regional and commodity composition of trade in the countries concerned. A detailed market share analysis reveals the emerging trade specialization patterns. There has been a general trade reorientation of both NMS and (less so) the NIS towards the West. The recent trade developments on EU?NIS borders indicate a closer trade integration among the NMS, a declining trade integration among the NIS, as well contradictory shifts in NMS?NIS exports and imports. The importance of the NIS as export markets for the NMS is growing, in particular for the NIS neighbours. The bulk of EU exports is made up of manufacturing products. By contrast, EU imports from the NMS and NIS display a much more distinct //? OR: diversified?// pattern. The key NMS manufacturing export commodities to the NIS are chemicals, machinery & equipment, motor vehicles and food products, whereas NMS manufacturing imports from the NIS are dominated by basic metals, refined petroleum, chemicals and fabricated metal products, and there is a high concentration on just a few basic manufactures. The NMS increasingly specialize on high-tech and medium-high-tech products. The wide-ranging modernization and industrial restructuring in the NMS has been facilitated by the process of EU integration and by massive inflows of FDI whereas in the NIS the resource specialization generally increased as reforms and restructuring were delayed. It is questionable whether the NIS will be able to revamp their industrial structure without significantly stepping up reform efforts, trade integration and attracting more FDI.","PeriodicalId":153726,"journal":{"name":"wiiw Research Reports","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129902081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

A Note on the Evolution of Inequality in Poland, 1992-99 Analytical Notes on the Balassa-Samuelson Effect 1992- 1999年波兰不平等演变的注释:巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应的分析注释

wiiw Research Reports Pub Date : 2003-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/CJE/27.5.755

L. Podkaminer

{"title":"A Note on the Evolution of Inequality in Poland, 1992-99 Analytical Notes on the Balassa-Samuelson Effect","authors":"L. Podkaminer","doi":"10.1093/CJE/27.5.755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/CJE/27.5.755","url":null,"abstract":"A Note on the Evolution of Inequality in Poland, 1992-99 (reprinted from Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2003, pp. 755-768, by permission of Cambridge Political Economy Society) Income inequality in Poland, after falling over the period 1993-96, rose significantly from 1997 onwards, as indicated by analyses of household budget surveys, national accounts data on functional income distribution and data on the dispersion of wages. Farmers and the unemployed were the main losers. While the overall position of wage-earners improved, wage inequality increased sharply in the second half of the 1990s. Employers and the self-employed fared quite well. This coincided with fiscal policy changes which substantially slowed down progression in income taxes. Over the period 1993-96, growth was high and balanced. Subsequently, growth slowed down, giving rise to serious fiscal and external deficits. Analytical Notes on the Balassa-Samuelson Effect (reprinted from Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review, No. 226, 2003, pp. 207-221, by permission of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro) On closer examination, it transpires that the intuition underlying the Balassa-Samuelson Effect (BSE) is wrong even in idealized models with highly restrictive features, the BSE need not obtain at all. A proper analysis of conventional models customarily believed to yield the BSE rigorously, in the form of an equation, indicates that changes in the relative prices of non-tradable goods may be totally unrelated to changes in relative productivity levels. In more realistic models (i.e. those tat do not postulate constant returns to scale or allow for intermediate inputs) there is even less room for determinate results supporting the BSE.","PeriodicalId":153726,"journal":{"name":"wiiw Research Reports","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132600375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Prospects for Further (South-) Eastern EU Enlargement: From Divergence to Convergence? 欧盟东(南)东进一步扩大的前景:从分化到趋同?

wiiw Research Reports Pub Date : 2003-06-01 DOI: 10.1057/9780230523692_13

V. Gligorov, M. Holzner, M. Landesmann

引用次数: 44

The Consequences of WTO Accession for Belarus 加入世贸组织对白俄罗斯的影响

wiiw Research Reports Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.5771/9783845210049-297

Kiryl Kurilionak, V. Medvedev, Stanislav Vassilevsky

{"title":"The Consequences of WTO Accession for Belarus","authors":"Kiryl Kurilionak, V. Medvedev, Stanislav Vassilevsky","doi":"10.5771/9783845210049-297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845210049-297","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we consider the possible consequences that accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) bears for Belarus. Our approach is based on partial equilibrium. We have applied a method of locating specific 'sensitive' points in the economy and treating them as separate items specific elements in the economic system on which WTO access will have an appreciable impact. Our research focuses on Belarusian manufacturing. We first determine possible changes in access to foreign markets associated with the cancellation of discriminatory non-tariff, antidumping and other restrictive measures introduced by WTO members. Total losses to the Belarusian manufacturers are currently estimated to be of the order of USD 230-250 million a year. Lifting those barriers will constitute the immediate short-term benefits to Belarus on accession to the WTO. In order to assess the short-term impact of WTO accession on Belarusian manufacturing, the scenario used assumed a reduction of tariffs, complete removal of discriminatory measures and a lowering of market barriers to Belarusian exports. A quantitative assessment was made of the gains and losses by manufacturing branch, followed by a simple sensitivity analysis. The latter revealed the Belarusian manufacturers' ability to withstand increased import competition up until such time as the requisite restructuring measures have been introduced. Summary conclusions are drawn for each branch in the light of those findings. One section of the paper focuses on the implications for Belarus of the Russian Federation's accession to the WTO. Consideration is given to the possible impact on Belarusian exports to the Russian market. The analysis shows, however, that Russia's joining the WTO does not incur the risk of Belarus losing its share of the Russian market. In the final section, consideration is given to state support for agriculture and the development of service markets, with a discussion on possible forms of, and limits to, liberalization. The final conclusion is that liberalizing the imports of certain items is very much in line with the need to revise the current structure of trade specialization in Belarus. Import liberalization should not be seen simply as a trade-off for the non-discrimination of Belarusian exports. If the economy of Belarus is to benefit, the country must pursue a consistent policy of cutting back or closing down those manufacturing activities that are unlikely to evolve into internationally competitive industries. Liberalization of the domestic market in the wake of WTO accession must be in keeping with (a) the financial viability of specific industries; and (b) the need to provide in a manner compatible with WTO rules and regulations additional protection to those industries with high value-added that are of strategic importance to the country’s future development.","PeriodicalId":153726,"journal":{"name":"wiiw Research Reports","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129775941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Capital dynamics, global value chains, competitiveness and barriers to FDI and capital accumulation in the EU 资本动态、全球价值链、欧盟FDI和资本积累的竞争力和壁垒

wiiw Research Reports Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2760/74061

Amat Adarov, Robert Stehrer

引用次数: 3

Consequences of Accession: Economic Effects on CEECs 加入欧盟的后果:对中东欧国家的经济影响

wiiw Research Reports Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1057/9780230523692_7

M. Landesmann, Sándor Richter

引用次数: 5