Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology最新文献

{"title":"From the Editor-in-Chief's Desk: Keeping Our Eyes on The Ball and a Call for Discontinuation Research.","authors":"Paul E Croarkin","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2024.0137","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association of Antidepressants in Late Pregnancy with Postpartum Hemorrhage: Systematic Review of Controlled Observational Studies.","authors":"William V Bobo, Katherine M Moore, Hannah K Betcher, Alyssa M Larish, Cynthis M Stoppel, Jennifer L VandeVoort, Mohit Chauhan, Arjun P Athreya, Ardesheer Talati","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0085","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cap.2024.0085","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Despite advances in obstetric care, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Prior reviews of studies published through 2016 suggest an association of antidepressant use during late pregnancy and increased risk of PPH. However, a causal link between prenatal antidepressants and PPH remains controversial. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This systematic literature review aimed to synthesize the empirical evidence on the association of antidepressant exposure in late pregnancy with the risk of PPH, including studies published before and after 2016. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, OVID Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and CINAHL from inception to September 9, 2023. Original, peer-reviewed studies (published in English) that reported on the frequency or risk of PPH in women with evidence of antidepressant use during pregnancy and included at least one control group were included. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty studies (eight published after 2016) met inclusion criteria, most of which focused on the risks of PPH associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). The main findings from the individual studies were mixed, but the majority documented statistically significant associations of PPH with late prenatal exposure, especially for exposures occurring within 30 days of delivery, compared with unexposed deliveries. Fourteen studies addressed underlying antidepressant indications or their correlates. Few studies focused on prenatal antidepressants and the risk of well-defined severe PPH or on antidepressant dose changes and general PPH risk. None examined competing risks of antidepressant discontinuation on mental health outcomes. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Late pregnancy exposure to antidepressants may be a minor risk factor for PPH, but it is unclear to what extent reported associations are causal in nature, as opposed to correlational (effects related to nonpharmacological factors including maternal indication). For patients needing antidepressants during pregnancy, current evidence does not favor routinely discontinuing antidepressants specifically to reduce the risk of PPH.</p>","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"428-446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142501147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dopamine Transporter and <i>CYP2D6</i> Gene Relationships with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Response in the Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine Crossover Study.","authors":"Jeffrey R Bishop, Chuan Zhou, Andrea Gaedigk, Beth Krone, Rick Kittles, Edwin H Cook, Jeffrey H Newcorn, Mark A Stein","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0069","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cap.2024.0069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Few biological or clinical predictors guide medication selection and/or dosing for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accumulating data suggest that genetic factors may contribute to clinically relevant pharmacodynamic (e.g., dopamine transporter-<i>SLC6A3</i> also commonly known as <i>DAT1</i>) or pharmacokinetic (e.g., the drug metabolizing enzyme Cytochrome P450 2D6 <i>CYP2D6</i>) effects of methylphenidate (stimulant) and atomoxetine (non-stimulant), which are commonly prescribed medications. This is the first study of youth with ADHD exposed to both medications examining the clinical relevance of genetic variation on treatment response. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Genetic variations in <i>DAT1</i> and <i>CYP2D6</i> were examined to determine how they modified time relationships with changes in ADHD symptoms over a 4-week period in 199 youth participating in a double-blind crossover study following a stepped titration dose optimization protocol. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Our results identified trends in the modification effect from CYP2D6 phenotype and the time-response relationship between ADHD total symptoms for both medications (atomoxetine [ATX]: <i>p</i> = 0.058, Methylphenidate [MPH]: <i>p</i> = 0.044). There was also a trend for the <i>DAT1</i> 3' untranslated region (UTR) variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) genotype to modify dose relationships with ADHD-RS total scores for atomoxetine (<i>p</i> = 0.029). Participants with <i>DAT1</i> 9/10 repeat genotypes had a more rapid dose-response to ATX compared to 10/10, while those with 9/9 genotypes did not respond as doses were increased. Regardless of genotype, ADHD symptoms and doses were similar across CYP2D6 metabolizer groups after 4 weeks of treatment. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Most children with ADHD who were CYP2D6 normal metabolizers or had <i>DAT1</i> 10/10 or 9/10 genotypes responded well to both medications. While we observed some statistically significant effects of <i>CYP2D6</i> and <i>DAT1</i> with treatment response over time, our data indicate that genotyping for clinical purposes may have limited utility to guide treatment decisions for ATX or MPH because both medications were generally effective in the studied cohort after 3 weeks of titration to higher doses. The potential <i>DAT1</i> association with ATX treatment is a novel finding, consistent with prior reports suggesting an association of the <i>DAT1</i> in 9/9 genotypes with lower responsive rates to treatment at low and moderate doses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"458-469"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extension and Further Replication of the Reliability, Criterion Validity, and Treatment Sensitivity of the PANSS10 and PANSS20 for Pediatric Trials.","authors":"Joshua A Langfus, Eric A Youngstrom, David Daniel, Joan Busner, Robert L Findling","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0078","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cap.2024.0078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) is a widely accepted outcome measure for pediatric schizophrenia trials; however, it has notable limitations. Psychometric investigations have shown a multifactorial structure and some items have limited utility assessing symptom severity in children. To address these issues, we developed and evaluated optimized 10- and 20-item PANSS short-forms (PANSS10 and PANSS20) using patient-level clinical trial data. This study further assesses these optimized forms using independent clinical trial data. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We examined patient-level data from a randomized pediatric schizophrenia trial comparing paliperidone ER to aripiprazole. Data were accessed through the Yale Open Data Access (YODA) secure platform. Analyses included confirmatory factor analyses, graded response models, ω score reliability, internal consistency, sensitivity to change, and criterion validity versus the Clinical Global Impressions of Severity (CGI-S). Bland-Altman analyses examined score calibration versus the 30-item PANSS and inclusion cut scores. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Participants (<i>N</i> = 288) were ages 12 to 17 years (<i>M</i> = 15.3, SD = 1.46; 66% male). Total scores for the PANSS10 and PANSS20 showed strong correlations with the 30-item PANSS (0.90 and 0.97, respectively). Average inter-item correlations were 0.10 and 0.14 and ω^Total reliabilities were 0.74 and 0.85. Both PANSS10 and PANSS20 scores showed reliability >0.80-2.3 to 4.5 SD and -3.0 to 6.0 SD about mean symptom severity, respectively. Sensitivity to treatment was also similar (partial <i>eta</i> squared 0.23 and 0.22), as was correlation with CGI-S at baseline (0.45 and 0.48; not significantly different). The mean item-average discrepancy with the 30-item PANSS was 0.095 for PANSS10 and 0.033 for PANSS20. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The optimized PANSS forms continue to show impressive reliability, validity, and calibration compared with the 30-item PANSS. Researchers should consider replacing the 30-item PANSS with the PANSS10 as a clinical outcome and screening measure due to its length and psychometric performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"447-457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Professor Alessandro Zuddas' Impact and Legacy: The Influential Networking and Human Connection Skills of a Passionate Scientist, Clinical Academic, and Pioneer in Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology.","authors":"Sara Carucci, Adriana Di Martino, Francisco Xavier Castellanos, Gabriele Masi, Tobias Banaschewski, David Coghill, Carmen Moreno, Samuele Cortese","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0101","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cap.2024.0101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Professor Alessandro Zuddas, from the University of Cagliari (Italy), passed away prematurely in July 2022. As a prominent figure in child and adolescent neuropsychiatry, he substantially influenced the fields of neurodevelopmental disorders and neuropsychopharmacology both nationally and internationally. Professor Zuddas was a renowned expert in basic and clinical research in child and adolescent psychopharmacology, an enlightened and stimulating educator, and a mentor to many students, residents, and senior colleagues. With his enthusiasm and unique ability to network, he contributed enormously to trace a path in the field that we continue to follow. His name will remain in the textbooks and articles he authored. Here, as colleagues and friends who had the honor to work with him, we provide our personal views of Alessandro's impact and legacy, which go far beyond his publications.</p>","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"421-427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142466423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Short-Term Group Telehealth Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Youth with Autism and Anxiety: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Erin Rivelis, Maria Valicenti-McDermott","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0034","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cap.2024.0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Children with autism often present with comorbid anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective, evidence-based approach to treating anxiety, but information on youth with autism and anxiety is limited. Coping Cat is a 16-week CBT intervention for children with anxiety but its use in a group telehealth format in an urban, predominantly Hispanic population is limited. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> (a) To examine the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a short-term CBT telehealth group for youth with autism and anxiety disorders in an urban, predominantly Hispanic population and (b) to examine satisfaction with the intervention. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Single-arm pilot study that consisted of a 16-week telehealth CBT group therapy was based on a modified Coping Cat curriculum. Youth with autism and anxiety disorders who were on a waitlist for psychotherapy at an urban developmental center were invited to participate. Anxiety was assessed pre- and posttreatment using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, parent and self-report. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eighteen children were enrolled; 16 children completed the program. Mean age was 11 ± 2.5 years (8-15 years); 89% males, 61% Hispanic. There was a significant reduction in pre-post intervention in symptoms of overall anxiety (parent: 41.0 ± 18.5 to 31.0 ± 16.3 <i>p</i> ≤ 0.003, self: 25.9 ± 12.8 to 14.1 ± 7.8 <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), panic disorder (parent: 8.1 ± 7.0 to 4.1 ± 4.2 <i>p</i> = 0.013, self: 5.1 ± 4.8 to 0.8 ± 0.9 <i>p</i> = 0.004), and separation anxiety disorder (parent: 7.5 ± 4.8 to 5.7 ± 4.4 <i>p</i> = 0.041, self: 5.8 ± 3.3 to 3.8 ± 2.4 <i>p</i> = 0.018) as per parent and self-reports. Self-report data also revealed a significant reduction in symptoms of social anxiety disorder (6.5 ± 3.5 to 3.9 ± 2.7 <i>p</i> ≤ 0.001). Parents and children reported satisfaction with the group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In this small, predominantly Hispanic population of youth with autism and anxiety disorder, 89% of families were compliant with a group telehealth CBT intervention. Parents and youth reported a significant reduction in anxiety symptoms and program satisfaction. A modified group CBT program via telehealth represents a feasible intervention for youth with autism and anxiety disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"470-475"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142406444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the Editor-in-Chief's Desk: Gratitude for Mentors and Colleagues.","authors":"Paul E Croarkin","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0119","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cap.2024.0119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":"419-420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142590829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Psychiatric Readmission Rates for Child and Adolescent Patients on Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics Versus Oral Antipsychotics: A Mirror Study.","authors":"Christina Sun, Andreea Temelie, Hannah Goulding, Christine Clark, Melanie Yabs, Tanya Fabian","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2024.0072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Current literature shows a benefit in clinical outcomes when long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIAs) are utilized in adult patients with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder. Literature regarding LAIA use in pediatric patients is sparse. The objective of this study is to compare the number of acute psychiatric admissions, psychiatric emergency services (PES) visits, and total number of days admitted to an acute psychiatric hospital 1 year prior to and 1-year post-mirror point of index hospitalization and LAIA initiation. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This was a single-site retrospective mirror-image review of patients <18 years of age initiated on an LAIA during an acute psychiatric hospitalization between October 1, 2015, and October 31, 2022. The number of admissions to the acute psychiatric hospital, number of PES visits, and total number of days hospitalized at the acute psychiatric hospital were captured 1-year pre-index hospitalization admission and 1-year post-index hospitalization discharge, with LAIA administration during index hospitalization being the mirror point. Descriptive statistics and a two-tailed paired <i>t</i>-test were utilized to analyze the data. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There were 45 unique pediatric patients initiated on an LAIA during the specified timeframe. Across these 45 patients, there were 47 psychiatric admissions 1-year pre-index hospitalization and 38 psychiatric admissions 1-year post-index hospitalization discharge (<i>p</i> = 0.37). Additionally, there were 24 PES visits 1-year pre-index hospitalization admission and 16 PES visits 1-year post-index hospitalization discharge (<i>p</i> = 0.25). Finally, across the 45 patients, there were a total of 1040 days admitted to the acute psychiatric hospital in the 1-year prior to index hospitalization admission compared with 774 days admitted to the acute psychiatric hospital in the 1-year post-index hospitalization discharge (<i>p</i> = 0.48). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In this cohort of pediatric patients initiated on an LAIA, there was a positive trend favoring LAIA therapy over oral antipsychotic therapy with LAIA injection as the mirror point; however, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of psychiatric admissions, number of PES visits, or total number of days admitted to an acute psychiatric hospital. Further studies are required to fully understand the impact of LAIA therapy on clinical outcomes for child and adolescent patients with psychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142750859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended-Release Lithium Sulfate in Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder: Results from a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Francesca Placini, Francesca Bargnesi, Dea Di Cicco, Deianira Rinaldi, Sara Balestra, Stefano Berloffa, Valentina Viglione, Pamela Fantozzi, Greta Tolomei, Guido Schirone, Annarita Milone, Gabriele Masi, Gianluca Sesso","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2024.0092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Bipolar disorder (BD) in adolescence often associates with risky conducts, nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicidal ideation. Lithium salts represent the first-line choice for BD in youth to manage manic symptoms and prevent both manic and depressive relapses. Our study aimed to assess efficacy and tolerability of extended-release lithium sulfate (ERLS) in youths with BD. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A longitudinal perspective intervention study was thus conducted on a single cohort of 36 patients with BD aged 12-17 years treated with ERLS and followed up for 1 year. ERLS was titrated up to reach optimal plasma concentrations during the 3 months before baseline visit (T0). Then, patients underwent five follow-up visits after 1, 2, 3, 5, and 11 months and were administered with a battery of self- and parent-rated questionnaires and interviews to evaluate, at each timepoint, ERLS-related side effects, manic and depressive symptoms, emotional dysregulation (ED), NSSI and suicidality, and aggressiveness. Regular clinical assessments were also conducted, as well as blood tests, urinalysis, and EKG. Regression models were applied to examine the time course of outcome variables. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty-four patients completed the follow-up. Regressions showed a significant reduction of most dependent variables included in the models, including depressive symptoms (β = -0.0006; adj-p = 0.0007), aggressiveness (β = -0.0031; adj-p < 0.0001), ED (β = -0.0002; adj-p = 0.0497), and unstructured suicidal ideation (β = -0.0058; adj-p = 0.0340). Fine distal tremor, increased thirst, and diuresis were among the most frequently reported side effects. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Findings from the present study support the use of ERLS as an effective and well-tolerated agent for the management of BD in youth, with a beneficial effect on associated severe symptoms, including NSSI and suicidality.</p>","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142739497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain in Tourette Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Bryan Green, Allison Waters, Joohi Jimenez-Shahed","doi":"10.1089/cap.2024.0025","DOIUrl":"10.1089/cap.2024.0025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Recent survey data suggest that a high proportion of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) experience pain, yet pain features in TS have not been previously investigated in a systematic manner. This article reviews the current understanding and impact of pain in TS as well as identifies possible areas for emphasis for future research on pain in TS. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Using a comprehensive search strategy in two relevant research databases (PubMed and Scopus), we searched for relevant peer-reviewed, primary research articles, and review articles. Search terms used were Tourette syndrome, tic disorder, pain, pain management, sensory, and sensory gating. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 116 pertinent articles were identified. Pain is reported by 47%-60% of individuals with TS and may relate to different aspects of tic phenomenology or other causes. Pain is more prevalent among TS patients than in the general population and negatively impacts quality of life. To standardize future research efforts, we propose the following classification: tic-related immediate pain, tic-related delayed injury/pain, suppression-related pain, premonitory urge-related pain, and associated primary pain syndromes. Altered sensory gating and interoceptive processing abnormalities are possible mechanisms contributing to pain in TS but warrant further study. Despite pain prevalence, most TS clinical rating scales and outcome measures used in therapeutic studies do not incorporate sufficient information regarding pain. Therapies known to improve pain in non-TS conditions that are also reported to improve tics have not been investigated for their effects on pain among TS patients. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> TS can be associated with a chronic pain syndrome that negatively affects quality of life. Future research using a systematic framework is needed to better understand pain cause(s) and prevalence, develop appropriate assessment methods, establish outcome measures, and understand mechanisms of pain in TS. Such investigations are likely to lead to therapeutic options for this troublesome symptom.</p>","PeriodicalId":15277,"journal":{"name":"Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142668139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}