Medical Ethics eJournal最新文献

Confronting New Issues in Genetic Discrimination 基因歧视面临的新问题

Medical Ethics eJournal Pub Date : 2021-09-09 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3920622

Y. Joly, Katherine Huerne, M. Arych, Y. Bombard, E. Dove, Palmira Granados, Chih-Hsing Ho, I. van Hoyweghen, Hannah Kim, Audrey Lebret, T. Minssen, Katharina Ó Cathaoir, A. Prince, M. Otlowski, Michael Pepper, R. Sladek, Lingqiao Song, Torsten Voight, M. Zawati, G. Dalpé

引用次数: 1

Cannabis at the Crossroads: A Transdisciplinary Analysis and Policy Prescription 大麻在十字路口:一个跨学科的分析和政策处方

Medical Ethics eJournal Pub Date : 2020-02-19 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3541229

L. Trautman, Paul Seaborn, A. Sulkowski, D. Mayer, Robert T. Luttrell

{"title":"Cannabis at the Crossroads: A Transdisciplinary Analysis and Policy Prescription","authors":"L. Trautman, Paul Seaborn, A. Sulkowski, D. Mayer, Robert T. Luttrell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3541229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3541229","url":null,"abstract":"Cannabis has returned to the mainstream in recent years after an interlude of legal prohibition and partial societal stigmatization. 2019 U.S. state-legal cannabis sales have been estimated at 13.6 billion dollars with predictions for sales to near 30 billion by 2025. The global market for cannabis products - including a range of products produced from non-psychoactive hemp - could approach hundreds of billions of dollars annually. At the same time, the legal cannabis industry faces significant challenges in the United States; legalization has been uneven, with disparities among states, and federal law continues to impose obstacles to predictability in the nationwide market for cannabis. \u0000 \u0000Conflicts between U.S. federal and state laws regarding cannabis are numerous. Federal law treats most forms of cannabis as illegal, yet 97.7 percent of the U.S. population –– located in 47 states, the District of Columbia, and 4 U.S. territories –– are living in jurisdictions where medical or recreational use of cannabis, including cannabidiol (“CBD”) oil, is now legal. \u0000 \u0000This Article takes a transdisciplinary approach and proceeds in eight parts. First, we explore the history of cannabis including its earliest uses, noting periodic prohibitions. Second, we look at applicable current U.S. federal statutes, both criminal and non-criminal. Third, we consider the legalization approaches and experiences in the states. Fourth, we look at the Canadian experience including national recreational market legalization in 2018. Fifth, we examine the ethical issues around recreational and medical marijuana use. Sixth, we describe the future outlook for cannabis businesses in terms of both market potential and regulation. Seventh, we describe Congressional proposals to change federal laws on cannabis. Eighth, we then draw upon these various perspectives to arrive at a policy prescription. And last, we conclude.","PeriodicalId":150377,"journal":{"name":"Medical Ethics eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124214944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Drug Prices, Dying Patients, and the Pharmaceutical Marketplace: A New Conditional Approval Pathway for Critical Unmet Medical Needs 药品价格、垂死病人和药品市场:一种新的有条件批准途径，以满足关键的未满足医疗需求

Medical Ethics eJournal Pub Date : 2019-02-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3330925

R. Bohrer

{"title":"Drug Prices, Dying Patients, and the Pharmaceutical Marketplace: A New Conditional Approval Pathway for Critical Unmet Medical Needs","authors":"R. Bohrer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3330925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3330925","url":null,"abstract":"Prescription drugs are much in the news these days. There are two topics which appear very often; first, the very high prices of new drugs, particularly the “specialty�? drugs developed for serious diseases; and second, the time required for FDA approval in relation to the perceived need for earlier access to new therapies for critically ill patients. Much less in the news, but lurking behind both problems, is the need for better information for physicians and patients to use in making decisions about prescribing and taking drugs and for insurance companies and the government to use to structure their pharmaceutical benefits plans. This article proposes an approach to both accelerated access and drug prices that would generate the information doctors and patients need to make decisions about drugs and the information the government and private insurers need to provide appropriate access and coverage for those drugs. The new form of conditional approval proposed here would be similar to the parallel track program developed by the FDA in the 1990s, during the HIV crisis. I argue that, like parallel track, the conditional approval proposed here could be implemented by the FDA under its existing authority, allow wide access to desperately needed drugs, and would control prices while providing better information about the real safety and efficacy of new drugs for critically ill patients.","PeriodicalId":150377,"journal":{"name":"Medical Ethics eJournal","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124145460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reducing Avoidable Medication-Related Harm: What Will it Take? 减少可避免的药物相关伤害:需要做些什么?

Medical Ethics eJournal Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3260474

E. Tetteh

{"title":"Reducing Avoidable Medication-Related Harm: What Will it Take?","authors":"E. Tetteh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3260474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3260474","url":null,"abstract":"Consumption of quality-assured medicines is expected to maintain or improve population health. Yet in a number of situations, what is realized is lower health benefits or magnified safety risks. Recognizing the public health implications of safety risks or medication-related harm, and that some types of harm are avoidable, the World Health Organization has initiated the third Global Patient Safety challenge on Medication Safety. Under the term \"Medication Without Harm\", this Challenge aims to assess the scope and nature of avoidable medication-related harm, create a framework for intervention and develop national guidance and tools to support safer medication use. The global target under the Challenge is to reduce the level of severe avoidable medication-related harm by 50% over a five-year period or within the next five years. Given a higher morbidity and mortality due to medication-related harm in low-income countries, this paper evaluates what needs to be done in low-income countries in order to achieve the global target. The ideal solution advocated requires that health planners in each low-income country determine what fraction of safety risks or harm can be prevented; and the relationship between number or frequency of avoidable harm or safety risks and the resource costs of treatment or prevention. In the absence of such information, this paper discusses a number of prevention strategies that might help; arguing that the period over which avoidable medication-related harm can be reduced by 50% will depend on whether significant continuous investments in health-system strengthening are made prior to and within that period.","PeriodicalId":150377,"journal":{"name":"Medical Ethics eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115825357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Healthsouth (C): The Trial 南方健康(C):试验

Medical Ethics eJournal Pub Date : 2008-10-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.908774

P. Werhane, Jenny Mead, C. E. Collier

引用次数: 0