Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals最新文献

{"title":"Engineered Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides Containing Cholesterol InteractingMotifs to Target Viral Envelopes","authors":"Mary L. Hasek, Jonathan D. Steckbeck, B. Deslouches, J. Craigo, R. Montelaro","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000158","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades, efforts have been made to rationally design antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for use as alternative antimicrobial therapeutics. The de novo engineered cationic antimicrobial peptide (eCAP) WLBU2 is a 24-residue peptide composed of arginine, tryptophan, and valine computationally sequenced to form an optimized amphipathic helix. Antimicrobial activity of WLBU2 is predicted to transpire through peptide interaction with lipid membranes leading to bilayer disruption. Antibacterial activity of WLBU2 has been demonstrated against a widerange of antibiotic resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Natural antimicrobial peptides have been shown to inactivate enveloped viruses, albeit at higher peptide concentrations than required for bacterial killing. While viral envelopes do not have the same negative surface charge presumed to be the basis for antibacterial activity of WLBU2, most mammalian virus membranes are enriched for cholesterol relative to host cells. Based on this structural feature, WLBU2 was modified by addition of cholesterol recognition amino acid consensus (CRAC) motifs to increase antiviral activity against enveloped mammalian viruses. The CRAC-modified WLBU2 peptides were tested against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A, and dengue virus (DENV) to assess antiviral activity against viruses with markedly different levels of surface lipid exposure and against mammalian cells to assess potential cytotoxicity. Antiviral activity was enhanced by the CRAC motif and demonstrated the highest efficacy against DENV and lowest against HIV, inverse to the level of surface membrane exposure. These studies reveal for the first time an unexpected range of engineered peptide activity against a broad group of different target viruses with vastly different membrane composures and indicate the ability of CRAC motif modification to enhance antiviral activity.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"344 1","pages":"18-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79750648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus in Lupinus albus Plants and its Associated Alterations in Biochemical and Physiological Parameters","authors":"A. Barakat, Z. A. Torky","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000159","url":null,"abstract":"Bean yellow mosaic virus is one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated Leguminosae plants worldwide causing mosaic, mottling, malformation and distortion in infected cultivar plants. Present study was conducted to investigate the possibility of infection of Lupinus albus (Lupine) with Bean yellow mosaic virus. Virus isolate was identified by detection of the coat protein gene amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and also via Chenopodium Amaranticolor as a diagnostic host plant. Results showed that infection can be induced under greenhouse conditions and infected plants showed a considerable level of mosaic symptoms. As disease development in infected plants is always associated with physiological and chemical changes, some metabolic alterations parameters have been evaluated like photosynthetic pigment contents, total carbohydrate content, total soluble protein, total protein, total free amino acid, proline induction, total phenolics, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid content in healthy and infected lupine plants. Results showed a great variation in all the biochemical categories in Lupinus albus infected with bean yellow mosaic virus as compared to healthy plants. Chlorophyll a of virus inoculated Lupinus albus decreased to 27%, whereas Chlorophyll b content decreased to 19.5% and carbohydrate content decreased to 36% when compared to healthy control plant corresponding values. Results also showed many metabolic changes in virus infected Lupine plants. The effect of virus infection on the induction of plant growth regulators like abscisic acid was determined, as well as the relationship between abscisic acid activation, accumulation of the virus, and symptoms development was discussed, and the effect of abscisic acid inhibitor application on virus infection and Lupine primary and secondary metabolism was elucidated, as this effect is a neglected field of research.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"37 1","pages":"32-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85800744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HIV-1 Exploits Cellular miR-2909 RNomics to Initiate and Ensure AIDS Disease","authors":"D. Kaul","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000157","url":null,"abstract":"Human immune cells have evolved with a membrane trafficking pathway called Autophagy, responsible for engulfing the invading pathogens and thereby equipping these cells with the innate and adaptive immune responses against numerous pathogens. On the other hand, the various pathogens have developed strategies to either block or use the autophagy mechanism to their own advantage [1]. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects mainly CD4+ Tlymphocytes and macrophages through the interaction of the viral (Env) glycoproteins (Gp120 and Gp41) with CD4 as well as coreceptor, mainly CCR5, expressed at the surface of the target cells. Such type of interaction induces a structural rearrangement in glycoprotein 41 and the insertion of its N-terminus fusion peptide into the target cell membrane, leading to the cellular endocytosis of the HIV-1 viral particles [2]. The HIV-1 replication cycle is governed in two phases: the early phase, from viral entry to provirus integration with cellular genome, and the late phase, from transcription of viral genes to the release of new particles [2].","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"753 1","pages":"18-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76907950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel rtM204 Mutations in HBV Polymerase Confer Reduced Susceptibility to Adefovir and Tenofovir","authors":"Ke Zhang, C. Bach, Maria Neumann-Fraune, Yuchen Xia, B. Beggel, R. Kaiser, V. Schildgen, A. Krämer, O. Schildgen, U. Protzer","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000156","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Treatment of chronic HBV-infection is limited by selection of resistance. The rtM204I/V mutations in the YMDD motif of HBV reverse transcriptase are well documented resistance determinants against lamivudine and entecavir, but not against adefovir or tenofovir. Limited systematic phenotypic data are available for the latter two drugs. \u0000Methods: rtM204 mutations (rtM204A/I/K/L/Q/S/T/V) were systematically introduced into replication-competent 1.1-fold HBV-overlength constructs under control of a CMV promoter. Viral replication fitness was determined by selective qPCR after normalized transient transfection. In vitro drug susceptibilities were evaluated by determining IC50 values of lamividune, entecavir, adefovir, and tenofovir using standardized high-throughput phenotypic assays. Infectivity was analyzed by infection of HepaRG cells. \u0000Results: In vitro phenotyping showed that rtM204K conferred high-level resistance to adefovir and tenofovir but simultaneously impaired replication capacity. Its fitness could not be restored by rtL180M or rtL80I as described for rtM204I/V. rtM204L and rtM204Q conferred low-level reduced susceptibility to adefovir/tenofovir without loss of replication capacity. rtM204A/I/S/T reduced susceptibility to either drug substantially. Interestingly, the single mutation rtM204V showed significantly reduced susceptibility to both drugs but lost resistance in combination with the compensatory mutation rtL180M. By affecting the overlapping S-gene, rtM204 mutants except rtM204L showed reduced or diminished infectivity in HepaRG cells. \u0000Conclusions: We have established a time- and cost-effective phenotypic assay and identified novel rtM204 mutations conferring cross resistance to adefovir and tenofovir in vitro. Despite of their low frequency in the viral population, their clinical significance should not be underestimated due to the potential selection of compensatory mutations, which may restore viral fitness.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"1 1","pages":"010-017"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79894405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Antiretrovirals on the Block: Pharmacological news from Croi 2017","authors":"N. Hentig","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000e140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000e140","url":null,"abstract":"The Conference on Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infections, CROI, 2017 at Seattle, USA, presented several new substances, therapy strategies and other data about the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The following article discusses a pharmacological selection of these, and shows data of new integrase inhibitors (INSTI), nucleoside (NRTI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) as well as protease inhibitors (PI), CCR5-inhibitors and several long-acting antibodies or new formulations of already widely used drugs, such as Nano particle PI and NNRTI (NANO-NNRTI, NANO-PI).","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77232754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Adsorption Capacity of Alum Hydroxide {Al (OH) 3} Gel for Streptococcus equi sub specie equi and Streptococcus dysgalacltae sub species equisimillis","authors":"S. Manzoor, Sajjad-ur-Rahman, M. Ashraf, F. M. Khan, Z. Hussain, S. A. Ali","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000155","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to determine the adsorption capacity of Alum Hydroxide gel for Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus equisimillis in combination. One ml of streptococcal inoculum containing live count of Streptococcus equi @ 2 × 109/ml and Streptococcus equisimillis @ 2 × 109/ml inoculated in each of six Eppendorf tubes containing 0.2 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.8 mg, 1.0 mg and 2.0 mgs of autoclaved Aluminium Hydroxide in the form of gel, mixed and centrifuged at 1600 rpm for 15 minutes produced supernatant, which upon streaking and incubation on seven nutrient agar plates including supernatant from 7th control negative Eppendorf tube containing sterilized normal saline produced different number of colonies after adsorbing streptococcal cells depending upon the concentration of Al(OH)3 in gel. 50 colonies were counted from supernatant recovered from Eppendorf containing 0.2 mg of Aluminium Hydroxide, 25 colonies from supernatant over 0.4 mg, 15 colonies from supernatant over 0.6 mg, 10 colonies from supernatant over 0.8 mg and no colony was obtained from supernatants over 1.0 mg and 2.0 mgs of Aluminium Hydroxide while 100 colonies were recovered from control negative ependorf containing only normal saline without Aluminium Hydroxide. It is concluded that Aluminium Hydroxide as gel should be used as adjuvant @ 1 mg per ml of streptococcal inoculum in a streptococcal vaccine.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"168 11 1","pages":"6-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83361876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Hemogram of Breast Cancer Patients Treated by Therapeutic Protocol Based on Immunohistochemical Analysis: A Retrospective Study","authors":"Nidda Saeed, F. Pervaiz, S. Manzoor, Muhammad Ali, S. Saleem, Saliha Khalid, F. M. Khan, S. A. Ali, Z. Hussain, Nadeem Bhattee","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000154","url":null,"abstract":"To gauge the pervasiveness, verdict, and treatment protocols related to hormone receptor status effecting blood chemistry in breast cancer patients, a retrospective study was conducted at the Bahawalpur Institute of Nuclear and Oncology (BINO), Pakistan. 180 breast cancer patients were enrolled in the study on the basis of data availability. Data was collected about patient’s demographics, site, stage and grade of tumour; hormonal status; treatment strategy; Estrogen (ER), Progesterone (PR) and Human Epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2/Neu) receptors; Blood chemistry reports including TLC (Total Leukocyte Count), TRC (Total RBC Count), Haemoglobin, Platelets and Creatinine; and ADRs due to chemotherapy. SPSS version 20 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Majority of patients become victim of breast cancer were belonging to age group of 41 to 60 years and half patients had carcinoma of the right breast. Results predict that females present at Stage III was 57%. Pos-tmenopausal women were highly susceptible to disease (63.97%) than pre-menopausal (36.03%). ER/PR positive status was in 50% patients while 23% patients had triple positive status. Chemotherapy was prescribed for hormone negative status patients whereas hormone therapy was preffered for hormone responsible tumours. Her-2 positive status patients were given monoclonal antibody therapy. Treatment strategies directly affected the hemogram of patients while remain un-affected in some patients. Slight decline was observed in TLC, TRC, haemoglobin and platelet count that caused anaemia, poor immunity, anorexia, weight loss, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia whereas elevation in creatininelevel resulted in nephrotoxicity. Patients reported with Adverse Drug Reactions i.e. pain, fever, vomiting, hair loss, anorexia and lethargy were counselled for the life style modifications with special emphasis on dietary recommendations for combating the problems. Breast cancer therapy caused disruption of the normal hemogram values and resulted in bone marrow suppression that was evident from side effects appearence in patients. Nutritional counseling of this fatal disease is recommended for improving their quality of life.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"9 1","pages":"001-005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79482793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue Virus Endemic in Pakistan: Its Vertical Transmission could be an Un-attended Threat to Infants","authors":"M. Afzal","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000166","url":null,"abstract":"It becomes epidemic in Pakistan from the past few decades. This highly communicable disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in country. Some regions are highly affected with this virus due to spatial distribution and various biological and environmental factors. Dengue infection badly hit densely populated areas and may spread due to climatic variations. Increased number of cases was seen in Punjab followed by Sindh up to 2015. It occurs usually at its peak at the end of monsoon period in Pakistan. It was first reported in 1982 and it has been known to cause significant level of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan since 1994. Dengue was not endemic in the country at that time but since then cases that are detected per year are on the rise. Three major outbreaks hit Pakistan during 2004, 2006 and 2011 makes Pakistan a dengue endemic nation [1,2]. During the first outbreak from Pakistan in 2006, 5400 cases were reported [3,4]. In 2007, dengue infection mainly hit Karachi, Mirpurkhas, Lahore, Hyderabad, Haripur, Islamabad and Rawalpindi with 2700 cases [5,6]. In 2008, 1800 cases were reported from Lahore [7,8]. The mortality rate was relatively low till 2010. In 2010 a total of 5000 cases were reported with dengue infection [9]. In 2011 the condition becomes worse with severe outbreak affecting more than 50,000 patients in Lahore alone [10]. This may be the result of heavy flood in Pakistan during 2010 and climate favors the spread of disease. Officially 300 deaths were reported which according to experts reflect under reporting. Maximum cases were reported from Lahore during this outbreak followed by Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Sargodha. In 2013, Dengue fever again becomes epidemic but in less endemic areas of KPK, Swat. This reflects that the virus travelled from other provinces to KPK. Total 6376 cases were reported [11]. About 21,580 cases of dengue positive cases were reported in 2014 all over the country but fewer epidemics were observed in the KPK. In 2015 Dengue again spread in Punjab particularly Rawalpindi and in Karachi which is highly populated and urban area. A total of almost 7,173 cases were reported.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73086222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does HCV Prevalence in Blood Donors Reflects the Incidence in General Population? A Study for Global Impact","authors":"M. Afzal","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000164","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan is endemic for hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection with around 11 million infections [1,2]. The knowledge about the prevalence of HCV in general population is very limited and it is difficult to screen the whole population of the country [3]. Over all socio-economic status of Pakistan is low, with very low budget on health surveillance system [4]. Furthermore, in past few years the allocated health budget was spent on other viral infections like Polio and Dengue due to media hypes [5]. As Pakistan has huge burden of HCV and it is necessary to keep track of surveillance of this silent killer. HCV is chronic disease and can leads to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The management of chronic HCV infection is very difficult and can have a substantial effect on the economic status of the individuals, society and ultimately the country. The current standard of care antiviral therapies includes interferon based and interferon free direct acting antivirals (DAAs) [6]. Interferon based regimes have side effects where as DAAs are very costly to manage for treatment of all infected individuals [7,8]. Keeping the current scenario in mind, the monitoring of HCV prevalence across the country is the need of the hour. Pakistan is a populated country with about 200 million inhabitants and it is difficult to screen all individuals due to poor socio economic situation of the country. The problem was highlighted recently [3], that it is very difficult to screen the whole population in a resource constrain country like Pakistan. But it is also very important to identify viral infection hot spot for proper management of the disease and carry out awareness campaigns. We tried to find another way of proper monitoring the HCV prevalence in Pakistan. The analysis of previously published data is carried out to find whether the prevalence of HCV in healthy blood donors reflects the seroprevalence of the virus in the general population and could be used as monitoring system. All published reports from Pakistan regarding the HCV prevalence in general healthy population or health blood donors were retrieved from different sources from 2010 to date. The data analysis showed that there are 17 and 14 studies on HCV prevalence in general population and healthy blood donors respectively from 2010-2016 (Table 1) [9-34]. Most of the studies on general populations are with small number of individuals while the results of studies on blood donors provide a larger sample groups. The total individuals screened from general population were 96,407 in previous studies while screening of 464,722 individuals were reported through blood donations. The analysis of data showed that in 2010-2013 HCV prevalence among general population ranged from 4.3-6% while a greater variability was observed in 2014 (11%). This higher prevalence and inconsistency in different years is might be due to smaller number of study subjects. On the other hand HCV prevalence in blood donor’s population is consistent ","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75033347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inactivation of Human Rhinovirus due to Heat, UV Irradiation and Chemical Disinfectants","authors":"Yanhai Wang, Xinling Wang, Juan Song, Qin-Qin Song, Xiaonuan Luo, D. Xia, Jun Han","doi":"10.4172/1948-5964.1000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5964.1000170","url":null,"abstract":"To evaluate and understand inactivation of HRV under many physical conditions and chemical agents, HRV86 were selected to expose with temperature, ultraviolet light (UV), Sodium hypochlorite, Virkon S, Peracetic acid (PAA), Glutaraldehyde and Ethanolin, respectively. The inactivation of HRV was analyzed by infectivity of the viral strains on the HeLa cells. Our research found the rhinovirus was very sensitive to temperature changes. Viral infectivity thoroughly lost after HRV86 was treated at 60°C for 10 min or UV irradiation for 45 min or longer. Virus also was completely inactivated after exposure to sodium hypochlorite (0.1 g/L) beyond 10 min, glutaraldehyde (10 g/L) for 5 min, Virkon-S (5 g/L) for 10 min, PAA (3 g/L) for 2 min, or 75% alcohol for 5 min or longer. The results provided the essential information for prevention and intervention of common cold.","PeriodicalId":15020,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Antivirals & Antiretrovirals","volume":"23 1","pages":"96-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79914443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}