McNair Research Journal SJSU最新文献

{"title":"Male Nurses: A Visible Minority","authors":"Jaspinder Kaur","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1309","url":null,"abstract":"Because nursing is associated with feminine characteristics, it is mainly considered a woman’s profession (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). Despite the increasing number of men choosing nursing as a profession, they often face discrimination in this predominantly female profession (Roth & Coleman, 2008). When men choose a female-dominated profession like nursing, they are questioned regarding their sexual orientation and are considered inappropriate for bed-side nursing (O’Connor, 2015; Meadus, 2000). Patients’ perceptions of male nurses as sexual aggressors or gay affects their ability to do their job (Evans, 2002). The goal of this literature review is to explore challenges commonly faced by male nurses and understand how these perceptions and stereotypes affect their ability to provide care. Introduction When people hear the word “nurse,” they immediately think of a woman in scrubs, so it’s no surprise that nursing is a female-dominated profession (Rajacich et al., 2013). For example, as of 2011, 91% of nurses were women and only 9% were men (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Despite nursing being a normative career for women, more men are now choosing it as a career option (“Men in nursing,” 2013). For example, the rate of men in nursing has increased from 2.7% in the 1970s to 9.6% in 2011 (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Despite the efforts to increase the number of men in nursing, they are still a minority in this profession (“Men in nursing,” 2013). Even though historically men provided significant contributions to nursing, they have received little to no recognition (Rajacich, Kane, Williston, & Cameron, 2013). For example, in the U.S, men served as nurses during the Civil War, and they were significant in reducing mortality rates among the troops during the wars (Rajacich, et al., 2013). Even Mahatma Gandhi was a nurse during his time in Africa (Rajacich et al., 2013). Lack of recognition of male nurses in history further encourages society to associate nursing with women (Rajacich et al., 2013). Although both genders have the ability to care and nurture, these characteristics are mostly considered appropriate for women; therefore, 2 McNair Research Journal SJSU, Vol. 13 [2017], Art. 9 http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mcnair/vol13/iss1/9 71 men often face issues with gender identity and stereotypes for choosing a feminine career (Roth & Coleman, 2008; Rajacich et. al., 2013). Many people think that men choose nursing because they are gay, and they face discrimination in clinical settings because of this common stereotype (Evans, 2002; Roth & Coleman, 2008). Even patients have a difficult time considering men as appropriate for a job that requires touching, caring, gentleness, and nurturing (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). As men challenge gender-defined roles and choose a nontraditional career like nursing, they often face discrimination (Meadus, 2000; Roth & Coleman, 2008). This is interesting because men are criticized for choosing a femaledomina","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132319900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"U.S. Participation in Global Climate Change Resolutions: Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol","authors":"Rashmeen Kaur","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1310","url":null,"abstract":"The ratification of treaties, particularly the Kyoto Protocol (KP), is complicated due to domestic forces such as democracies, presidency, and public opinion. The United States is the second largest emitter of carbon emission and has yet to sign on to the stringent mitigation efforts of the KP. Climate change is an issue considered unrelated to national security; however, it is one of the most dangerous national and global threats. Ratification and implementation are domestic factors that increase the stability and credibility of international agreements. The process may be dreadfully slow, but the commitment level of democratic states tends to be significantly high. The lack of legislative support during President Clinton’s administration and President Bush’s links with the energy industry are additional examples of factors constraining support for the agreement. Lastly, public opposition towards anthropogenic climate change stems from disbelief in global warming. Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues present today requiring critical repair. Implementing the stringent goals of the KP is an excellent way towards mitigation and key elements of international governance. The U.S. can maintain its role as a superpower by taking the lead on this issue and avoiding domestic forces constraining the adoption of this agreement. If the U.S. ratifies the KP, other countries are more likely to follow this nation’s footsteps. Although the ratification process is complex, it is important that our current legislative and executive powers push the policy forward by placing it higher on the political agenda through the use of news and online outlets.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121960169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Anger and Happiness on Opposite Valence Racial Stereotypes","authors":"Diego Gómez","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1308","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines angry and happy (versus neutral) emotions and how they affect ethnic stereotyping. Research has found that both anger and happiness increase a person’s reliance on stereotype information versus neutral emotion when making social judgments. Research has also found that ethnic stereotypes are not exclusively negative, as some stereotypes make positive generalizations of certain groups. However, research on ethnic stereotypes has exclusively been presented in a negative and not a positive context. Furthermore, past studies have only focused on negatively stereotyped racial groups (e.g., Hispanics) and not positively stereotyped racial groups (e.g., Asians). This research concentrates on both positively and negatively stereotyped groups, in both a negative and a positive context, with positive and negative emotions. This experiment explores Hispanic stereotypes in both a negative and positive context for participants who were induced to be either angry, happy, or neutral. Furthermore, we included an Asian ethnic condition, which is stereotype-inconsistent from the aggressive trait associated with Hispanics. Implications about the effects and limitations that anger and happiness have on increasing stereotyping versus neutrality are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127485090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Caution to College: The Effects on Veterans with Self- Reported Trauma Symptoms Sharing their Experiences with the Campus Community","authors":"Jemerson Diaz","doi":"10.31979/mrj.2017.1306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31979/mrj.2017.1306","url":null,"abstract":"Over 900,000 veterans are using benefits for higher education today; the vast majority of them served in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). Over 25% of GWOT service members that have been treated by the Veterans Affairs (VA) are reported to have symptoms of posttraumatic stress or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTS/PTSD). PTS/PTSD negatively impacts student veterans’ abilities to navigate stressful environments such as college and university settings. The Veterans Embracing Transition (VET) Connect Program at San José State University (SJSU) is designed to connect veterans with non-veterans as peer educators. Five of the 13 VET Connect peer educators (38.5%) who were interviewed reported having symptoms of PTSD. Through their service as peer educators on and off campus, these participants demonstrated signs of healthy coping effects through sharing experiences and educating non-veterans of the struggles related to military culture, service, combat, and loss. This study was conducted in collaboration with Sophia Alcala. We worked on independent research questions and observations using data derived from the same larger study simultaneously under the supervision of Dr. Klaw.","PeriodicalId":150197,"journal":{"name":"McNair Research Journal SJSU","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133861524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}