Journal of Agro-environmental Science最新文献

{"title":"Differential speciation and availability of copper in soils derived from different parent materials in Imo State, southeastern Nigeria","authors":"N. Okoli, B. Uzoho, E. Ihem, M. A. Okon","doi":"10.4314/as.v18i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v18i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Effective and efficient management of copper (Cu) in soils for optimum crop production and environmental conservation depends on proper  knowledge of the various copper forms and fractions in soils as well as parent material. The distribution of forms of Cu in soils of different parent materials (coastal plain sands, alluvium, false-bedded sandstones and Imo clay shale) in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria was evaluated using  sequential extraction procedure, comprising of six fractions; water soluble (WS), exchangeable (EX), specifically sorbed/CO 3 bound (SSC), Fe-Mn bound (Fe-Mn), organic matter bound (OMB) and residual bound (RE) fractions. Soil was sampled at 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-75 cm depths from each soil. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means separation was done by the procedure of Least Significant Difference at 5% probability level. Correlation analysis of the various Cu forms and some soil properties was also carried out. Results showed that the water soluble, specifically sorbed/carbonate bound, Fe-Mn bound, organic matter bound (OMB) and residual bound (RE Cu fractions differed significantly among the soils of the different parent materials. The Fe-Mn bound copper was the dominant fraction in most of the soils, contributing 41.53-46.63% to the total Cu, being highest in the alluvial soil (6.389 mg kg -1 ) and lowest in the Imo clay shale soil (2.231 mg kg -1 ). Moderate concentrations of available Cu (0.694-1.456 mg kg -1 ) were observed and significant differences were observed among the soils. Correlations among the different Cu forms (WS vs EX r - 0.48; EX vs Fe-Mn r −0.46) and some soil properties (OM vs Fe-Mn r −0.86; Ca vs RE r −0.59; Clay Vs Fe-Mn r −0.53) were determined. Key words : copper fractions, copper availability, parent materials, soil properties, southeastern Nigeria","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78011867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of plant population on fruit and seed yield characters of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) genotypes","authors":"A. Abdul-Rafiu, M. Adebisi, I. Daniel, J. Bodunde, O. O. Ajayi, S. M. Muhammad, H. G. Dixon","doi":"10.4314/AS.V18I1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AS.V18I1.5","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed the influence of three plant populations (18518, 27777 and 40000 plants ha-1) on fruit and seed yield characters in 16 genotypes of Capsicum frutescens in 2010 and 2011 cropping years using a 3 x 16 split plot arrangement fitted into a randomized complete block design. Plant population and genotype formed main and sub-plots, respectively. Data collected on fruit and seed yield characters were subjected to analysis of variance after which means were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference. Correlation analysis was also carried out among the characters. Significant and highest (P < 0.01) number of fruits per plant, single fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, number of seeds per fruit, 100 seed weight, seed weight per plant and seed weight per fruit were obtained under 18518 plants ha -1 while highest (P < 0.05) fruit yield ha -1 (11.3 tons) and seed yield ha-1 (698.7 kg) were obtained under 40000 plants ha-1. Top fruit and seed yielding genotypes across the three plant population were PP9955-15 and Chilli 14, respectively. Number of fruits per plant showed negative and highly significant correlation with single fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, number of seeds per fruit, 100-seed weight and seed weight per fruit. Significant positive or negative correlations were also observed among other characters. Plant population of 40,000 ha -1 using 50 x 50 cm spacing is recommended for high fruit and seed yield in C. frutescens production. Key words : Cayenne pepper, plant population, seed production efficiency, seed yield","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75347606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissecting the quantitative variations of threshability in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","authors":"A. Charles","doi":"10.4314/as.v18i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v18i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"In rice, low threshability retains grains on the panicles especially in japonica rice ( O. sativa subsp. Japonica ) and high threshability makes it easier for harvesting in indica. The genetic mechanisms underlying moderate threshability in rice remain largely unclear. A set of reciprocal Backcross Inbred Lines BILs including 226 and 229 lines from indica rice ( O. sativa subsp. indica) and japonica rice (O. sativa subsp. japonica) backgrounds, respectively, and 262   recombinant inbred lines RILs developed from same cross between an indica, were adopted for testing threshability in two seasons. Percentages of dislodged grains were estimated at the maturity, harvesting and after sun drying. A total of 265 SNP markers developed based on sequencing and evenly distributed throughout the 12  chromosomes were used for genotyping assay. Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) was used to dissect genomic regions and interactions affecting quantitative variation of threshability. A total of 13 QTLs were found to be conferring  quantitative variations of threshability, which were distributed on all chromosomes. Two known major genes (QTLs) qSH1 and sh4 were also present. New additive QTLs, qThr1-a, qThr2, qThr3 qThr7, qThr8, qThr10, qThr11 and  qThr12 were found as well. Twenty-four epistatics QTLs of which eight were common in both japonica and indica backgrounds were detected in two consecutive seasons. The overall threshability explained by all additive and interacting QTLs (R2) were 70% and 1 for indica, 15 and 8% for japonica and 17.4 and 10.6% for RIL backgrounds, respectively. Findings have preliminarily revealed a relatively complex mechanism underlying the quantitative variations of threshability in rice, which was controlled not only by major loci but also affected by epistasis and genetic background effects. Key words : epistasis, genetic background effect, quantitative variation, rice ( Oryza sativa L .), threshability","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76053440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of contract farming on poultry farming households food security in Osun state, Nigeria","authors":"L. Adebisi, O. Jimoh, J. Asuquo, K. K. Osasona, E. Ojediran","doi":"10.4314/AS.V18I1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AS.V18I1.7","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzed the effect of contract farming on food security of poultry households in Osun State, Nigeria. Primary data were used for the study and two stage sampling technique was used in selecting 180  households comprising of 90 contract and 90 non-contract farming  households. A structured questionnaire was used for the purpose of extracting needed information from the farmers. Data were analyzed using Food Security Index, Propensity Score Matching and Likert scale. The results showed that the contract farming households were more food secured (76.9%) than the non-contract farming households (46.8%). The effect of contract farming on the households that participated shows that the calorie intake increased (p < 0.05) on the average by 1047 kCal/AE/day. This shows that the program has positive impact on the Target Group. The constraints to contract farming in the study area includes: Deferred payment on the part of contract firm, no reimbursement in case of production failure, bridge of agreement, biased terms, cheating, high defaulting rate. The study therefore recommends that there should be interest payment for delay in payment to farmers as part of the agreement to curb the issue of intentional delay of payment by the contracting firms and that agreement on risk sharing in case of failures in production should be included in the agreements so as to protect the farmer from being too vulnerable. Key words : contract farming, poultry, food security","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81244412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aeschynomene histrix (Joint Vetch) fallow and nitrogen fertilizer effects on Striga hermonthica infestation and maize (Zea mays) productivity in southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria","authors":"I. Usman, E. Daniya, M. Kolo","doi":"10.4314/AS.V17I3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AS.V17I3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Integration of herbaceous legume Aeschynomene histrixinto the farmers’ cropping system is one viable option that can improve the nutrition of maize ( Zea mays ), increase soil physical, chemical and biological properties which can result in sustainable Striga control and crop productivity. This study was conducted to determine the effects of A. histrix fallow and N fertilizer application on Strigainfestation, growth and yield of maize. The study involved the factorial combination of fallow type: natural fallow (NF) and A. histrix fallow (AF), and inorganic N fertilizer application: 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha -1 arranged in a split plot in a randomised complete block design and replicated three times. Results show that cropping/maize after A. histrix fallow significantly (P < 0.05) delayed Strigaemergence, reduced its virulence on the host crop, increased maize plant height, and grain yield compared to natural fallow. Application of 90 kg N ha -1 delayed days to Striga shoot emergence, reduced Striga damage on host crop, and increased plant height of maize. Heavier and higher grain yield of maize were significantly associated with of 60 kg N ha -1 . Integrating A. histrix fallow rotations with application of 60 kg N ha -1 can provide sustainable Strigacontrol, and A. histrix  in combination with 90 kg N ha -1 modest yield of maize. This study has shown that farmers in the southern Guinea savanna location of Nigeria can effectively control Striga and obtain better maize yield by integrating A. histrix fallow with the application of N fertilizer. Keywords:  Striga , Aeschynomene histrix , fallow rotation, nitrogen, maize","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84217221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pig manure on growth and productivity of twenty accessions of Moringa oleifera in Nigeria","authors":"C. G. Stevens, F. Ugese, K. Baiyeri","doi":"10.4314/as.v17i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v17i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment to determine the effect of pig waste on the survival, growth and productivity of 20 accessions of Moringa oleifera from the various agroecologies in Nigeria was conducted from August 2011 to November 2012. The experiment was a factorial combination of 3 rates of pig waste – 0, 10 and 20 t/ha – and 20 accessions of Moringa oleifera . Analysis of variance results indicated a general decline in survival percentage of the accessions with time with the Kolo accession showing the highest survival percentage of 84.4% 15 months after transplanting, while Baruten recorded the lowest survival rate (37.8%). There were significant variations across accessions in all the morphological and pod and seed parameters evaluated. The accession from Kolo showed the tallest plants and the widest stem girth while Ugya produced more leaves at the last measurement. Kolo, Ugya, Idere and Awo - Garaji had comparatively higher dry weights than other accessions. There was a linear response to pig waste application although the 0 and 10 t/ha rates were statistically the same. Variation in the pattern of response of reproductive parameters to organic manure was noticed with Baruten and Zaria not producing viable pods at manure rate of 10 t/ha while Idere and Maiduguri failed to bear pods at rates of 20 t/ha. Accessional differences in survival and growth can be exploited for selection and breeding purposes while organic manure can be utilized to improve growth and yield of the species. Keywords: accessions, Moringa oleifera , pig waste, growth, productivity","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77896199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and spatial distribution of epiphytic flora associated with four tree species of partially disturbed ecosystem in tropical rainforest zone","authors":"C. V. Adubasim, H. A. Akinnibosun, S. N. Dzekewong, S. E. Obalum","doi":"10.4314/as.v17i3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v17i3.8","url":null,"abstract":"As components of forest communities, epiphytes influence litter and nutrient cycling while providing shelter, nesting materials and food for arboreal animals, thereby promoting diversity. Their preference for certain tree species (phorophytes) influences biodiversity and distribution, but this association is poorly understood in the tropics. We assessed the diversity and spatial distribution of epiphytes associated with four phorophytes ( Alstonia booneii , Peltophorum pterocarpum , Mangifera indica and Terminalia catappa ) in southern Nigeria, with number of trees sampled as 4, 29, 32 and 44, respectively. The epiphytes were delineated, sampled and identified. Soil samples were collected from tree pockets for textural and pH analyses. On the four phorophytes, 265 epiphytes under seven species ( Platycerium elephantotis , Microgamma owariensis , Nephrolepis biserrata , Funaria hygrometrica , Axonopus compressus , Commelina benghalensis and Ficus spp.) and five families ( Polypoidaceae , Funariaceae , Poaceae , Commelinaceae and Moraceae ) were recorded. The three most abundant were Funaria hygrometrica (109), Platycerium elephantotis (102) and Microgamma owariensis (44), being present on all four phorophytes. Funaria hygrometrica and Platycerium elephantotis were the most abundant on M. indica (32 each) and T. catappa (44 and 39, respectively). Nephrolepis biserrata appeared only once on T. catappa ; so too did Axonopus compressus and Commelina benghalensis on P. pterocarpum . Altogether, A. booneii , P. pterocarpum , M. indica and T. catappa had 11, 62, 89 and 103 epiphytes, respectively. Funaria hygrometrica traversed three tree strata, while others were restricted to two or even one stratum. Canopy layer, middle stratum and lower portion hosted four, five and three epiphytic species, respectively out of the seven recorded, pointing to the relative importance of light, spaciousness and moisture, respectively in epiphyte abundance on trees. Epiphytes distribution on phorophytes was not influenced by texture of the arboreal soils, but was inversely related to their pH. This study has provided useful information on epiphyte-phorophyte association in tropical environments and deserves repetition with more tree species in more natural forests. Keywords: forest tree species, tree spatial strata, epiphyte distribution, species abundance, Nigeria","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78248435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of traps and attractants for mass trapping of African Invader Fly, Bactrocera invadens on mango in south west Nigeria","authors":"J. A. Ugwu, A. Omoloye, A. O. Ogunfumilayo","doi":"10.4314/AS.V17I3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AS.V17I3.7","url":null,"abstract":"Mass trapping has demonstrated to be a powerful tool in the control of fruit flies, its use in African countries has currently increased remarkably as a control method. This study evaluated the efficacy of two traps; Lynfield Trap (LT) and Modified Lynfield Trap(MLT) and two lures (Methyl Eugenol (ME) and Protein Bait from Brewery Waste (PBBW)) for mass trapping of Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta, & White (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mango during 2014 and 2015 fruiting seasons. Traps containing attractants were randomly set on mango homestead trees in three replicates at three selected locations in Ibadan Southwest Nigeria. Results showed no significant difference (p > 0.01) between the trap types baited with ME attractant, although the MLT recorded higher catches of B. invadens during the two seasons. Methyl eugenol was significantly (p < 0.01) more effective than hydrolyzed protein bait from brewery waste in mass trapping B. invadens in the three locations of study. However, ME trapped only male B invadens while PBBW trapped both male and female. B. invadens population was highest at the peak of mango ripening (June) and the density of flies trapped in 2015 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 2014 in all the locations. Suitable choice of traps, lures and season enhances the mass trapping results. The use of Protein bait from brewery waste and modified lynfield trap for monitoring B. invadens and population suppression is promising and should be encouraged since they attract both sexes and less cost effective. Keywords: trapping, mango, lures, fruit fly, control","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"28 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78108134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The phytochemical and anti-microbial potential of the extracts from the fruit pulp of Landlphia owariensis","authors":"T. T. Iombor, F. M. Gbeyonron","doi":"10.4314/as.v17i3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v17i3.3","url":null,"abstract":"The phytochemical composition and antimicrobial potential of extracts of fruit pulp of Landolphia owariensis was investigated. L. owariensis mesocarp flour was obtained by oven drying at 50 0 C and pulverized while microwave assisted extraction was used to obtain hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, which were concentrated in vacuo using microwave and thereafter air dried at ambient temperature. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests on fourteen (14) human pathogenic microorganisms were performed using diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial/fungal concentration (MBC/MFC) tests were performed using dilution method. The oven dried L. owariensis fruit pulp flour contained 12.45±0.03 mg/100 g tannins and 6.39±2.78 mg/100 g total flavonoids but low levels of anthraquinones, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, saponins, steroids and terpenes. The phytosterols consisted of cholesterol, cholestanol, campesterol, stigmasterol, beta sitosterol and tocopherol with stigmasterol being the most abundant (1.06±0.21 mg/100 g). The flavonoids constituents included orientin, isovitexin and keampferol. Microbiological analysis of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of L. owariensis fruit pulp showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus , S. pyogenes , S. typhi , S. dysenteriae , K.pneumoniea , C. albicans , C. krusei , C. stellatoidea and M. rubrum . Chloroform extract exhibited the highest zones of inhibition, followed by hexane and ethyl acetate extracts while methanol extract had least diameter of zones of inhibition. Also ethyl acetate extract was more potent (2.5-5 mg/mL), followed by chloroform and methanol extracts while hexane extract had the least potency (5-10 mg/mL) level. Similarly, ethyl acetate extract was most effective (5-10 mg/mL) in inhibiting bacterial/fungal growth. L. owariensis fruit pulp flour and extracts contained important secondary metabolites that may account for its antimicrobial activities. Keywords: Landolphia owariensis , phytochemicals, anti-microbial activities, flavonoids, phytosterols","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84982227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing rural-urban migration of youths in Osun State, Nigeria","authors":"C. I. Alarima","doi":"10.4314/AS.V17I3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AS.V17I3.6","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the factors influencing rural-urban migration of youths in Osun State, Nigeria. A multistaged sampling technique was employed in the selection of 240 of the respondents (youth) from three local government areas of the state. Data for this study were sourced primarily through the use of well-structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were employed in the analyses of the data. The result of this study showed that mean age of the respondents was 22.60 years. The study further revealed that majority (68.8%) of the respondents were male, single, had family size of between 5 - 8 and had secondary education. The results revealed that the poor electricity supply in the rural areas, bad condition of roads, absence of pipe-borne water were push factors driving the youth away from their communities into urban areas. Results further revealed that better employment opportunities, superior wages in the urban areas, improved living condition are pull factors that attract rural youths to the urban centres. Majority (68.8%) of the respondents were not willing to stay in the rural areas with or without improvement in the condition of living in their communities. The results of this study revealed that age (r - 0.51; p < 0.01), sex ( X 2 - 34.57; p < 0.05) and educational level ( X 2 - 45.57; p < 0.01) of the respondents were significantly related to their decision to migrate from rural to urban areas. The study recommends that government should provide basic social amenities in the rural areas as they are found in the urban so as to encourage the youth to stay. Keywords: Rural, urban, migration, youth","PeriodicalId":15011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agro-environmental Science","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75299312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}