Journal of African Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"New implications for regional biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of larger benthic foraminifera in the Lutetian-Bartonian succession of the el-Ramliya-Akheider block, north Eastern Desert, Egypt","authors":"Mounir El-Azabi ,&nbsp;Mohamed Boukhary ,&nbsp;George Henry ,&nbsp;Walid Kassab","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) experienced rapid evolution during the Paleogene, reaching a widespread distribution in both northern and southern Tethys during the Eocene Epoch. Paleobiogeographic insights regarding their migration patterns were facilitated by this distribution. To date, there have been no investigations of LBF in the eastern Maadi-Sukhna region. In the middle Eocene succession of the El-Ramliya-Akheider block in this region, the taxonomic identification of <em>Nummulites</em> and larger porcelaneous foraminifera is examined in detail for this work. <em>N. praegizehensis</em> and <em>N. praediscorbinus</em> were identified, along with six larger agglutinated and porcelaneous foraminiferal species (<em>Dictyoconus egyptiensis, Idalina cuvilleri, Rhabdorites malatyanesis, Pseudolacazina schwagerinoides, Somalina danieli</em>). These taxa are associated with the three standard Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ) of the Mokattam and Observatory formations. The top of the middle Lutetian SBZ 14 was characterized by a significant unconformity between the Mokattam and Observatory formations. The <em>Nummulites gizehensis</em> group, which started at the plateau of the Giza pyramids and expanded throughout northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, was shown to have dispersed, according to a new paleobiogeographic map. Due to the physical barrier of the Galala Mountains, the <em>N. gizehensis group</em> migrated southward in Egypt during the middle-late Lutetian stage, dispersing more quickly in the north Western Desert than the north Eastern Desert and Sinai.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105520"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarker geochemistry and oil-oil correlation from reservoir unit oils of the Sokor-1 Formation, Fana low uplift, Termit Basin, southeastern Niger","authors":"M.A.I. Ari ,&nbsp;M.E. Nton ,&nbsp;M. Harouna","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Termit Basin, a Cretaceous-Paleogene rift in southeastern Niger, and other rift basins of the West and Central African Rift System are widely studied using traditional oil-oil correlation methods. These methods face challenges in subjectivity, large dataset processing, and distinguishing geochemically similar oils due to multiple source rocks and geological complexity.</div><div>This research aims to improve the understanding of crude oil types, sources, depositional environments, and thermal maturity stages of oil organic precursors by examining their molecular compositions. It also seeks to identify the most suitable biomarkers for oil-oil correlation studies. Gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and chemometric methods were used in this study.</div><div>Crude oil samples were classified as paraffinic-naphthenic, aromatic-intermediate, and aromatic-asphaltene oils. Statistical analyses identified steranes and terpanes as the most suitable biomarkers for oil-oil correlation studies, with three distinct oil groups. Thermal maturity indicators suggest that the precursor organic materials were in the early to mid-maturity stages.</div><div>These findings reveal the potential of extending the oil-oil correlation studies in the Termit Basin and other rift basins of the WCARS to enhance understanding of source rocks contributing to proven hydrocarbons, reservoir connectivity, and hydrocarbon migration pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105522"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characterization of the El-Tarf geothermal aquifer (Algerian−Tunisian border): Implications of the regional geodynamic structure and the water−rock interactions","authors":"Hana Nouali ,&nbsp;Yasmina Bouroubi-Ouadfel ,&nbsp;Adnane Souffi Moulla ,&nbsp;Halim Mutlu ,&nbsp;Orlando Vaselli ,&nbsp;Haythem Dinar ,&nbsp;Abdelkader Khiari","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The geothermal aquifer complex investigated in this study comprises a component of the eastern geothermal reservoir of Northern Algeria that is located close to the Algerian−Tunisian border. Seven thermal and two cold water springs were sampled in the framework of this study. The area hosts the region's second hottest spring discharging at a temperature of 67 °C. The thermal waters are carbogaseous type and are dominated by a Na−HCO₃ composition. Isotopic analyses of deuterium and oxygen-18 confirm their meteoric origin. Radiogenic strontium isotopes (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr up to 0.710841) suggest interactions with a silicate basement, probably composed of granodiorites and micaschists. Interaction with the Triassic evaporites results in a total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of up to 1773 mg L⁻¹. The thermal waters emerging through the faults have a temperature ranging between 36 and 67 °C. These waters mix with cooler waters during their ascent. The use of various chemical geothermometers yielded a maximum reservoir temperature of 78–162 °C for the Bouhadjar region. Using the average regional geothermal gradient (43.5 °C·km⁻¹) and the aforementioned temperature interval, an estimated depth range of 1793–3731 m was computed for the geothermal water reservoir. All the thermal waters are found oversaturated with respect to kaolinite and K−mica reflecting the dissolution of granodiorites and muscovite-rich micaschists. High P_<em>CO2</em> levels (0.07–1.07 atm) suggest the existence of a thermo-decarbonation reaction taking place in the tectonic collision zone. This highlights the important role played by major geological structures occurring in such a geothermal system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105523"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143152737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold mineralization and environmental impacts of artisanal mining in the Um Araka area, Egypt: Microanalyses and heavy metals assessment","authors":"Adel A. Surour ,&nbsp;Mostafa M. El Desouky ,&nbsp;Mariam M. Ismail ,&nbsp;Raneem Abo Aissa ,&nbsp;Hamada Zaghloul","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105519","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105519","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gold-bearing rocks in Um Araka area, south Eastern Desert of Egypt, comprise mineralized quartz veins and wall-rock alterations. Gold mineralized rocks are confined to post-collisional granite that intrudes a variety of island-arc association dominated by amphibolite, mafic schist and marble bands. The paper aims to assess environmental hazards related to extensive artisanal mining, extraction of gold, leaching by poisonous cyanides and the haphazard storage of mine wastes. The latter comprise heaps of dump rocks and tailings. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the ore paragenesis revealed from the petrographic study. Beside gold, the gold-bearing quartz veins and alteration zones have considerable amounts of sulphides such as pyrite and arsenopyrite, in addition to lesser amounts of galena. Gold-rich samples collected from the excavated pits and shafts show enrichment in an electrum alloy consisting of 71.7 wt% Au and 15.2 wt% Ag, which is washed out totally if subjected to cyanidation. Upon cyanidation, Cl is greatly eliminated from 29,200 ppm to 2300 ppm whereas S is slightly lowered from 33,200 ppm to 27,500 ppm. Trace elements as pollutants in the investigated tailings are distinguished into base metals (Zn, Pb Cu &amp; Ni), and rare-metals (Mo &amp; Nb). The paper emphasizes the need for sustainable mining practices and environmental management to mitigate the random impacts artisanal mining for gold. Data materialized here categorize hazards into the use of cyanide, high concentrations of some heavy metals and appreciable U &amp; Th. It is recommended to use safer alternatives for cyanide (e.g., thiourea CH₄N₂S) to ensure clean environment and sustainable mining of the known and unexplored gold resources in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil–oil and oil–source correlations in the Abadan Plain, SW Iran: Updated insights into middle Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous petroleum systems through biomarker analysis and chemometrics","authors":"Buyuk Ghorbani ,&nbsp;Vahid Tavakoli ,&nbsp;Hossain Rahimpour–Bonab ,&nbsp;Navid Vahidimotlagh","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the organic characterization of three source rocks in the Abadan Plain (namely, Lower Cretaceous–Albian Kazhdumi, Lower Cretaceous–Neocomian Garau, and Middle Jurassic Sargelu formations), located in the western Zagros fold–and–thrust belt, southwest of Iran. A total of 82 source rock samples (33 from the Kazhdumi, 38 from the Garau, and 11 from the Sargelu) were analyzed using Rock–Eval pyrolysis and organic petrography to evaluate organic matter quantity, quality, and thermal maturity. The Kazhdumi source rock predominantly contains immature type II/III kerogens with macerals such as vitrinite, amorphinite, inertinite, alginite, cutinite, and solid bitumen. The Garau source rock primarily consists of moderately mature marine type II kerogen, with macerals including alginite, cutinite, and solid bitumen. The Sargelu source rock exhibits highly mature type II–S kerogen, dominated by late-oil solid bitumen and pyrobitumen macerals. Molecular analysis was performed on 26 source rock extracts and 58 crude oils from various reservoirs across the Abadan Plain. Using isoprenoids, triterpanes, steranes, and aromatic biomarkers, a thermal sequence of Kazhdumi &lt; Garau &lt; Sargelu or Kazhdumi &lt; Sargelu &lt; Garau was identified in source rock extracts, while crude oils followed Sarvak &lt; Azadegan Sandstone &lt; Gadvan &lt; Fahliyan. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed that crude oils align with the thermal maturity of their source rocks. Strong correlations were observed between the crude oils and Garau and Sargelu source rocks, distinctly separating from the Kazhdumi source rock, emphasizing their dominant role in the Abadan Plain's petroleum systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105525"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rifting and late extension of a cratonic margin during the Paleozoic: Tectono-stratigraphic evolution from the Anti-Atlas belt (Morocco)","authors":"Mohammad Taadid ,&nbsp;Younes Hejja ,&nbsp;Ayoub Aabi ,&nbsp;Abdellah Nait-Bba ,&nbsp;Ahmed Attou ,&nbsp;Lahssen Baidder ,&nbsp;Said Ou Moua ,&nbsp;Samir Samaoui ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Bouazama","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the Early to Late Paleozoic time, several extensional tectonic events occurred in the eastern Anti-Atlas Belt along the northern margin of the West African Craton. In this paper, and based on lithostratigraphic and structural analysis, we evaluate the effect of the Variscan pre-orogenic events on the Paleozoic tectono-stratigraphic pattern in the Saghro-Ougnat junction zone (Eastern Anti-Atlas belt). The first Paleozoic event that occurred in the region corresponds to the regionally known Cambrian, rifting which involved a system of NE-to ESE normal faults mostly inherited from the Pan-African/Cadomian orogenic phases. The fragmentation of the metacratonic basement in a system of tilted blocks controlled the deposition of the Cambrian epicontinental sedimentary formations associated with alkaline volcanism (e.g., Taiert and J. Smile Ahbari). Criteria such as normal paleo-faults, slump folds, and synsedimentary breccias provide evidence for syn-rift sedimentation. The opening regime remained active until the Devonian period with a dual NW-SE and NE-SW direction. By this time, synsedimentary tectonics and SSE-block tilting had largely controlled abrupt thickness variations associated with a series of progressive unconformities. Detrital deltaic sediments characterize the observed Carboniferous outcrops, together with normal and strike-slip faults, indicating NW-SE extensional tectonic instability.</div><div>Thus, Paleozoic structural evolution prior to the Variscan orogeny played an important role in the lateral thickness and facies variation documented here at the Saghro-Ougnat junction along the northern fringe of the West African Craton.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the special issue on the meteorites and impact craters in Africa and the Middle East","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105516","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105516","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 105516"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning approaches for predicting reservoir lithofacies: Geological implications in the Tendrara-Missour basin, Morocco","authors":"Youssef Elbouazaoui ,&nbsp;Achour Margoum ,&nbsp;Mohammed Et-Touhami ,&nbsp;Rabah Bouchta ,&nbsp;Allal El ouarghioui","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithofacies identification is crucial for reservoir characterization, as reservoir quality is closely tied to lithofacies distribution, directly impacting hydrocarbon recovery. Conventional core analysis, while informative, is often limited to partially cored reservoirs. Well logs, such as gamma ray, density, and sonic logs, offer continuous reservoir information, making them valuable for lithofacies identification. In the Tendrara-Missour basin, four TAGI (Trias Argilo-Gréseux Inférieur) reservoir lithofacies were identified: sandstone, pebbly sandstone, conglomerate, and claystone-siltstone.</div><div>This research represents the first application of machine learning for reservoir lithofacies identification in Morocco, aimed to predict and reconstruct lithofacies in 417 m of non-cored sections from three wells using machine learning models: Random Forest (RF), Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN), and Cluster Analysis (CA). MLPNN achieved the highest accuracy (87%), capturing complex non-linear relationships in well-log data. RF performed reasonably well (82%) but struggled to differentiate pebbly sandstone from conglomerate due to similar log responses. CA, with an accuracy of 44%, faced challenges distinguishing lithofacies with overlapping log responses.</div><div>The MLPNN model revealed rapid lateral lithofacies variation despite well proximity and identified fining upward sequences, indicating energy transitions typical of fluvial and alluvial settings. These findings underscore the effectiveness of machine learning in reservoir characterization, offering a cost-efficient alternative to extensive core analysis. The successful application of the MLPNN model in well log data demonstrates its suitability for lithological discrimination, making it a valuable tool for reservoir studies. Future integration of MLPNN results with seismic data could further enhance lithofacies mapping and support hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir management efforts in the Tendrara-Missour basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of the Nile water system on groundwater recharge and discharge at Khartoum City- Central Sudan","authors":"Abdalla Eltom Mohamed Elsheikh ,&nbsp;Braa Abdelwdood Ali Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study area lies at the confluence of the Blue and White Niles in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. The main objective of the current study is to assess the influence of the Niles water system on groundwater recharge and discharge. Three methods of investigations were applied; base-flow Recession Method, Water Levels Fluctuations (WLF) and the Darcy Method. The amount of water discharge of the Niles varies seasonally; the highest flows were registered in the autumn seasons. The amount of 816 × 10⁶m³/day was registered in 1988 as maximum discharge and 49 × 10⁶m³/day in 1984 as minimum one in Soba Station on the Blue Nile. Groundwater is mainly stored in two aquifers, Gezira and Sandstone formations, both aquifers are hydraulically interconnected to form one aquifer system. Gezira formation represents the saturated upper zone that let it in direct contact with Niles waters. The hydraulic gradients range from ≥0.005 to ≤0.002 from west to the east direction; indicating that, the White Nile is the main source of recharge for groundwater rather than the Blue Nile. Using the Darcy method, the groundwater recharge from the While Nile is more than twice the recharge from the Blue Nile. In general the groundwater recharge from the River Niles using the three methods is estimated at about 130 × 10⁶ m³ annually. The strong interface between the Niles surface water and groundwater in the Khartoum area will raises concerns on Niles waters contamination with already polluted shallow groundwater aquifers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105517"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geospatial mapping of groundwater potential zones using multi-criteria decision-making AHP approach: A study of Kadugli district, south Kurdufan, Sudan","authors":"Majdi Sultan Hamdan ,&nbsp;Rakesh Singh ,&nbsp;Rahul Pathak ,&nbsp;Shalini Kumari ,&nbsp;Vishal Chauhan","doi":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater availability is crucial for sustaining agricultural activities and ensuring the availability of clean water in arid regions like Kadugli district, South Kordofan State, Sudan. This project focuses on delineating areas with high groundwater potential using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing (RS), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Sentinel-2 and STRM DEM satellite images, along with traditional data sources, were utilized. Remote sensing imagery was employed to extract relevant features such as slope, land use/land cover (LULC), lithology, and landform characteristics. Thematic layers depicting LULC, soil type, rainfall, drainage density, geology, lineament density, and slope were created. Groundwater potential areas were identified using weighted overlay analysis and the AHP algorithm, assigning data weights based on their relative importance with Saaty's scale. Rainfall and geology had higher weights, while soil had less. The study found that 38% of the southern area had outstanding groundwater potential, 46% was classified as good, and 16% as fair. The northern half exhibited fair to good groundwater potential zones. This interdisciplinary approach enhances our understanding of groundwater dynamics in arid regions and supports efforts to achieve water security and resilience in Sudan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14874,"journal":{"name":"Journal of African Earth Sciences","volume":"223 ","pages":"Article 105513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143153287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}