J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.最新文献

{"title":"Confidentiality Enhancement Using Spread Spectrum Modulation Technique for Aggregated Data in Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"T. Tagare, R. Narendra","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.5.294-300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.5.294-300","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) play a crucial role in transmitting bulk data remotely on Internet of Things (IoT). The data transmitted by the tiny sensor nodes of the network are basically the physical parameters of the environment like temperature, vibration, pressure etc. There exists a huge co-relation in the data sent by the nodes. This bulk data needs to be aggregated in order to conserve the energy of the network and thereby enhance the network lifetime. Although the aggregation might lead to loss of actual data, aggregating helps in reducing energy requirement during transmission which is of primary importance and hence is considered as a suitable method in WSN. Adding confidentiality to aggregated data helps in sending the data more securely. Spread spectrum modulation is a widely used technique to provide confidentiality in communication systems. In this research work, we implement a data aggregation technique and apply the spread spectrum modulation technique to provide confidentiality to the aggregated data that needs to be transmitted from the cluster head node to the gateway. Here, data aggregation process consists of averaging the number of data that are sensed by a sensor node and transmitting only its average value to the gateway. This reduces the amount of data transmission and helps in conserving energy. Further, the spread spectrum technique implements Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) method with Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) carried out using six different frequencies on MATLAB 2020a. The simulation results evaluate the performance of the system. The graphs are plotted for modulated and demodulated signals, spread and de-spread sequences, Bit Error Rate (BER) of BPSK/ FHSS over Rayleigh flat fading channel, Power Spectral Density (PSD) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of frequency hopped signal. The results show that BER value decreases with increase in Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The maximum power consumption in the network is 7.518 mW at 5MHz frequency, for adding confidentiality to the aggregated data to be transmitted. Thus, the proposed work promises efficient energy consumption, longer network lifetimes with added confidentiality.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"1 1","pages":"294-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79702774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Concurrent Queues for Efficient In- Vehicle Gateways","authors":"Miltos D. Grammatikakis, S. Ninidakis, Georgios Kornaros, Dimitris Bakoyiannis, N. Mouzakitis, Alexis Staridas","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.5.333-339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.5.333-339","url":null,"abstract":"In modern vehicles, electrical control units communicate over multiple in-vehicle networks via domainor zone-oriented gateway architectures. This work examines efficient frame transfer across incoming and outgoing Controller Area Network (CAN) interfaces at a gateway. In our embedded platform prototype, each CAN interface of a CAN-to-CAN gateway is controlled independently by a corresponding Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) thread. Inter-thread communication and synchronization are implemented using shared data structures, either lock-free concurrent queues or traditional lock-based circular queues that embody single-producer single-consumer (SPSC) principles. Our experimental framework provides a realistic open automotive platform that integrates multiple CAN interfaces. An Odroid XU3 device acts as a gateway, providing two Universal Asynchronous Receiver- Transmitter (UART) to CAN interfaces that lead to Raspberry Pi 3B nodes (connected to CAN via Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)). To increase communication reliability and performance by minimizing frame loss and improving the egress CAN frame rate, low-level parameters at the gateway are optimized, especially the inter-character delay of the UART-to-CAN interfaces. Our experiments show that the frame waiting time in the queue is shorter for the concurrent queue, while relaying messages is equally fast, reaching a maximum output rate of ~380 frames/s for large enqueue rates near saturation. Power consumption is almost four times higher for the concurrent queue implementation.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"306 1","pages":"333-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73203841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Objective Function for RPL Based on Combined Metrics in Mobile IoT","authors":"Hassan Echoukairi, Ali Ouacha, J. Oubaha, Mohamed El Ghmary","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.5.301-309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.5.301-309","url":null,"abstract":"To satisfy the quality of service requirements for some applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) network with mobile nodes, routing protocols must be adaptable to make better routing decisions. Routing Protocol for Lowpower and Lossy Networks (RPL) is one of the routing protocols that support metrics and constraints while building a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graphs (DODAG) using a specific Objective Function (OF). However, RPL metrics that use standard OFs do not guarantee the performance criteria for a specific mobile IoT in terms of received and lost packets, overhead, throughput and power consumption. In this paper, we propose a new version of mrhof based on a combination of metrics such as total energy, the number of neighbors, and expected transmission count (ETX) to evaluate RPL performances in a mobile context. Then, we compare the assessment of this function to existing OFs based on various mobility models (Random Waypoint (RWP), Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM), Nomadic) and node densities. The results show that this new function is more efficient than the standards OF in terms of packets received and packets lost with Random Way Point and RPGM models. Regardless of the number of nodes, it also reduces ETX and traffic overhead for all mobility models, as well as convergence time in the Random Waypoint environment. Furthermore, this new function contributes to the improvement of Rtmetric, the enhancement of throughput at low density only in favor of RWP and RPGM models, and an effective power consumption reduction through all densities and mobility models.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"2 1","pages":"301-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87977645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous Architecture for DSRC/LTE Vehicular Communication Networks Based on the ITS Reference Architecture with Fuzzy Logic for Decision-Making","authors":"Michael Agyare, J. J. Kponyo, K. A. Opare, K. Gyasi","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.5.318-332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.5.318-332","url":null,"abstract":"Methods to integrate different access technologies such as heterogeneous communication architecture remains a challenge. Among a variety of V2X-supporting access technologies, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and cellular communications, e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) is promising reliable and efficient vehicular communications. DSRC has been designed to allow for direct low-latency communications among different vehicles (i.e., V2V) and between vehicles and roadside units (RSU). On the other hand, DSRC suffers from link quality degradation with the presence of buildings and vehicles, especially in urban areas, where channel collisions become serious when vehicle density is high. LTE networks can provide wide area coverage and are favorable to bandwidth-greedy applications, which require high data rates and reliability. Considering the relatively high end-to-end delay for message transmission due to the long transmission time interval (TTI) current LTE networks have drawbacks regarding latency to support highfrequency safety-related information exchange among vehicles in local areas. Combining LTE and DSRC approaches as a heterogeneous solution is essential to fast introduce V2X services for future automated driving. By this intelligent Vertical Handover (VHO) algorithms are needed to ensure seamless connectivity of vehicles to the best network at a particular point in time. For this paper, we propose a 3- input fuzzy-logic-based VHO scheme for Heterogeneous DSRC/LTE Vehicular Communication Networks. The simulation results in this paper show that the proposed 3- input fuzzy-logic model can be able to make decisions and select the best network to connect to base on the network with the highest HF value. The 3-input fuzzy-logic model was also tested in a vehicular highway scenario simulation. The proposed model shows optimized communication results in terms of the mean end-to-end delay against that of the literature.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"1 1","pages":"318-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85738377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evaluation of IEEE 802.11ah Performance Based on the Effect of Mobility, Node's Number, and Traffic Using the Markov Chain Model","authors":"Tengku Ahmad Riza, D. Gunawan, A. S. Arifin","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.5.310-317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.5.310-317","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) is currently growing rapidly and one of the technologies supporting it is wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) standard IEEE 802.11ah. This technology supports mobility and has a large number of nodes or devices with small energy consumption; hence it is capable of functioning for a long time. In this study, three work scenarios were proposed, namely 1) the mobility, which involves changing the distance between the access point (AP) and the nodes, 2) changing the node’s number, and 3) testing the variations in traffic by changing the collision possibilities and the RAW (Restricted Access Window) (the full title). slot duration in order to analyze the IEEE 802.11ah network performance parameters. The results showed that there was a decrease in throughput, an increase in energy consumption, and a delay due to changes in the nodes’ number and movement/mobility. Also, the variation in traffic by changing the collision probability causes a change in throughput, hence when the collision probability is large, the throughput decreases, while the delay value increases, and vice versa. In conclusion, this study proved that changes in the nodes’ number, movement/mobility, and traffic collision probability affected the IEEE 802.11ah network's performance in throughput, delay, and energy consumption parameters.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"99 1","pages":"310-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85786842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation-Time Prolonging Method for IoT-Based Outdoor Environment Monitoring System","authors":"N. Komuro, Sorato Mochizuki","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.5.340-345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.5.340-345","url":null,"abstract":"It is important to analyze and comprehend outdoor environmental conditions to address air pollution problems. Accordingly, while remote sensing is suitable for analyzing global environment data, the Internet of Things (IoT) technique can help us analyze and comprehend local environment data. Moreover, considering how IoT-based outdoor environmental monitoring can operate for long periods in environments is necessary during difficulties in securing a power supply. Therefore, this study proposes an operation time-prolonging method for an IoT-based outdoor environment monitoring system by combining solar power, storage devices, and intermittent operation for stable operations in outdoor environments. With our proposed method, while solar panels provides power during the day, storage batteries provides power after sunset, with the sensor devices operating intermittently during this period. Furthermore, because the energy supplied depends on daylight hours, the proposed system has a sleep period that considers daylight hours when prolonging the system’s operation time. Consequently, the operation time of the sensor node during the adaptive sleep period control becomes 6.0 times longer than that without sleep period control, showing the effectiveness of the developed system. Hence, our results establish the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive sleep period control for prolonging the operation time of IoT network-based systems, indicating this finding’s usefulness for future research approaches.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"26 1","pages":"340-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73597801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Switching Speed Analysis of MOSFET-Based Absorber Integrated Antenna for 5G/WiMAX/WLAN","authors":"Elliot O. Omoru, V. Srivastava","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.5.274-282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.5.274-282","url":null,"abstract":"A block-by-block performance analysis of a novel Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)-based absorber antenna has been presented. The proposed integrated antenna is a solution to the negative effect of impedance mismatch between the power amplifier and antenna in the front end of communication systems. The clockwise diode base quasi circulator device used in the proposed design has been observed to have an insertion loss (S21 and S32) of 7 dB and 9.2 dB, respectively, with a return loss (S22) of 2.8 dB. The MOSFET-based absorber presented an insertion loss, return loss, and absorption efficiency of 2.75 dB, 3.3 dB, and > 90%, respectively. The switching speed for the proposed MOSFET-based absorber antenna model has been observed as 0.15 ns.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"14 1","pages":"274-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73357123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Link Planning and DDoS Attack Detection in SDN Based Integrated Space-Terrestrial Networks","authors":"Deepa Vickramasingam, Sivakumar Bangar","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.4.267-273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.4.267-273","url":null,"abstract":"It is expected that 5G networks would require both great dependability and stability as fundamental requirements. The introduction of a satellite component into LTE (long term evolution) networks has emerged as an attractive solution for meeting these requirements. This will enable the provision of backup interoperability to essential base stations and the routing of traffic away from crowded locations. During peak hours, the demand for their terrestrial links must be increased or even adopted in the case of anticipated breakdown or repair. Integrated spaceterrestrial networks have shown to be an advantageous design due to its broad coverage and high precision. Designing a network routing plan is not a straightforward process when the complex relative motion of low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellites and unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is considered (UAS). To be more explicit, the major difficulty is discovering how to locate acceptable connections in timevarying network settings to offer reliable and effective UAS data transmission. This study begins with a motion analysis of satellites and UASs to discover which access satellites are most suited for usage with UASs. This is done in order to resolve the aforementioned problem. In order to provide an effective and reliable intersatellite link (ISL) deployment between access satellites, double exponential smoothing (DES) is afterwards proposed as an alternative to traditional routing. This is required to guarantee the timely delivery of UAS data. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DES approach is both feasible and effective. A time series-based method known as DES is used to compute the port information in an adjustable manner, and an algorithm known as SVM (Support Vector Machine) is utilized to determine if a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack has really occurred. Experiments that are typical demonstrate that the UAS may greatly reduce the controller's workload while maintaining dependable detection accuracy.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"67 1","pages":"267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76291255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technology Adoption: Intelligent Agent-based Model for Philippines FTTH Broadband Service Availability","authors":"Robert Joseph M. Licup, Lawrence Materum","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.4.236-249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.4.236-249","url":null,"abstract":"The vast improvement in broadband service delivery has been achieved mainly in the Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) technology, which was influential during this pandemic in providing connectivity with everyone, thus ensuring high service availability. The evolution of network monitoring systems has helped achieve this by equipping the network engineers in performing corrective or predictive maintenance. However, minimal research has been conducted to investigate how the adoption of technology and different factors attributes, including organizational culture, have helped or served as the bottlenecks in meeting the set service Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) hinged on the system utilization. This study focuses on measuring, predicting, and simulating technology adoption's interdependence with FTTH network monitoring systems to detect last-mile issues and perform necessary maintenance activities. An agent-based simulation via AnyLogic towards broadband service availability is to be drawn from different works of literature and support the creation of a theoretical model. The goal is to have a simulation tool and quantified outcomes to predict the valued indicators that can help the telecommunications sector to be equipped with proper knowledge in understanding the end-to-end broadband service journey that can benefit not only the business but also the subscribers who rely heavily on broadband service.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"64 1","pages":"236-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78755750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the TCP Newreno Congestion Avoidance Algorithm on 5G Networks","authors":"Saleh M. Abdullah, M. S. Farag, Hatem S. Abdul-Kader, S. A. Youssef","doi":"10.12720/jcm.18.4.228-235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12720/jcm.18.4.228-235","url":null,"abstract":"Enhancing Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) performance is one of the key solutions for improving the performance of modern wireless communication networks. It is a highly dependable protocol for communication between network hosts based on an internet protocol (IP). It uses packet sequence numbering and acknowledgment (ACK) packets to ensure that data is recoverable in the event of problems like data loss, and corruption. Loss-based Congestion Control (CC) algorithms overreact and underperform in the presence of rapid channel oscillations, resulting in buffer bloat and significant delays. The goal of this paper is to develop an efficient congestion control mechanism for the new TCP agent Newreno over the fifth generation (5G) network, as well as to improve the increment and decrement strategy for adjusting the congestion window (cwnd) during the congestion avoidance phase, It also fast adapts to the current network requirements and adjusts the transmission rate accordingly. TCP enhancements can improve performance under dynamic traffic loads and over long product channels with high bandwidth. As a result, when such a TCP congestion control mechanism is improved, the network’s throughput increases, and low packet losses, and delay are reduced.","PeriodicalId":14832,"journal":{"name":"J. Comput. Mediat. Commun.","volume":"1 1","pages":"228-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73090888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}