Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents最新文献_第2页

Using Intelligent Agents to Examine Gender in Negotiations 使用智能代理检查谈判中的性别

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478348

Emmanuel Johnson, J. Gratch, Jill Boberg, D. DeVault, Peter Kim, Gale M. Lucas

{"title":"Using Intelligent Agents to Examine Gender in Negotiations","authors":"Emmanuel Johnson, J. Gratch, Jill Boberg, D. DeVault, Peter Kim, Gale M. Lucas","doi":"10.1145/3472306.3478348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472306.3478348","url":null,"abstract":"Women earn less than men in technical fields. Competing theories have been offered to explain this disparity. Some argue that women underperform in negotiating their salary, in-part due to language in job descriptions, called gender triggers, which leave women feeling disadvantaged in salary negotiations. Others point to structural and institutional bias: i.e., recruiters make better offers to men even when women exhibit equal negotiation skills. As a final salary is co-constructed though an interaction between employees and recruiters, it is difficult to disentangle these views. Here, we discuss how intelligent virtual agents serve as powerful methodological tools that lend new insight into this psychological debate. We use virtual negotiators to examine the impact of gender triggers on computer science (CS) undergraduates that engaged in a simulated salary negotiation with an automated recruiter. We find that, regardless of gender, CS students are reluctant to negotiate, and this hesitancy likely lowers their starting salary. Even when they negotiate, students show little skill in discovering tradeoffs that could enhance their salary, highlighting the need for negotiation training in technical fields. Most importantly, we find little evidence that gender triggers impact women's negotiated outcomes, at least within the field of CS. We argue that findings that emphasize women's individual deficits may reflect a lack of experimental control, which intelligent agents can help correct, and that structural and institutional explanations of inequity deserve greater attention.","PeriodicalId":148152,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132149725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Effect of politeness strategies in dialogue on negotiation outcomes 对话中的礼貌策略对谈判结果的影响

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478336

K. Terada, Mitsuki Okazoe, J. Gratch

{"title":"Effect of politeness strategies in dialogue on negotiation outcomes","authors":"K. Terada, Mitsuki Okazoe, J. Gratch","doi":"10.1145/3472306.3478336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472306.3478336","url":null,"abstract":"Negotiation is a social interaction aimed at reaching a mutually beneficial agreement among all participants in a conflict situation. Unfortunately, parties often find negotiations threatening or aversive, undermining the chances of reaching good agreements. Politeness strategies are means of communicating one's demands to a counterpart without threatening the counterpart's \"face\" by using tactical phrasing. Politeness strategies are classified into positive, negative, and off-record strategies depending on how they avoid face-threatening acts. In the present study, we investigated whether differences in the politeness strategies used by a virtual agent impact negotiated outcomes in a non-zero-sum situation. The participants (n=106) engaged in an online multi-issue negotiation with one of three agents (using the positive, off-record, or no politeness strategies, while the negative strategy was excluded because of validation failure). The results showed that the agents who used the off-record strategy were able to extract greater concessions from their human partners, whereas positive politeness, which does not threaten the other's face, led to fairer negotiated agreements. The human participants were comfortable exploiting agents who failed to adopt any politeness in their language. Politeness is a part of the toolbox that people use to manage the social rewards and punishments associated with all interactions, and our work highlights that agents can use this important social tool.","PeriodicalId":148152,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","volume":"270 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133491108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

EEG Model: Emotional Episode Generation for Social Sharing of Emotions 脑电模型:情绪社交分享的情绪情节生成

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478342

Ana Antunes, Joana Campos, João Dias, P. A. Santos, R. Prada

引用次数: 1

Informing the Design of a News Chatbot 新闻聊天机器人的设计

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478358

Zhirun Zhang, Xinzhi Zhang, Li Chen

{"title":"Informing the Design of a News Chatbot","authors":"Zhirun Zhang, Xinzhi Zhang, Li Chen","doi":"10.1145/3472306.3478358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472306.3478358","url":null,"abstract":"Chatbots use conversational interfaces to simulate human communication and recently have been applied to different domains due to advancing techniques of natural language understanding and generation. In particular, in the domain of digital journalism, chatbots provide a new channel for audiences to engage with news. However, most chatbots operated by news organizations have so far failed to achieve business growth. In this paper, we have conducted a qualitative user study to better understand users' attitudes towards news chatbots. Specifically, 15 participants were asked to interact with several news chatbots implemented on Facebook Messenger by large international news organizations (e.g., ABC News, NBC News, and BBC News), by issuing a set of 22 sample questions covering various search and recommendation goals related to COVID-19. Then the participants expressed their expectations of news chatbots and the advantages/disadvantages perceived in using them. From these findings, we derive several design guidelines on effectiveness, informativeness, efficiency, humanization, and facility, suggesting developments to news chatbots that may better serve users' needs.","PeriodicalId":148152,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121027843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Multimodal and Multitask Approach to Listener's Backchannel Prediction: Can Prediction of Turn-changing and Turn-management Willingness Improve Backchannel Modeling? 听者反信道预测的多模态和多任务方法:转辙和转管意愿的预测能否改进反信道建模?

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478360

Ryo Ishii, Xutong Ren, Michal Muszynski, Louis-Philippe Morency

{"title":"Multimodal and Multitask Approach to Listener's Backchannel Prediction: Can Prediction of Turn-changing and Turn-management Willingness Improve Backchannel Modeling?","authors":"Ryo Ishii, Xutong Ren, Michal Muszynski, Louis-Philippe Morency","doi":"10.1145/3472306.3478360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472306.3478360","url":null,"abstract":"The listener's backchannel has the important function of encouraging a current speaker to hold their turn and continue to speak, which enables smooth conversation. The listener monitors the speaker's turn-management (a.k.a. speaking and listening) willingness and his/her own willingness to display backchannel behavior. Many studies have focused on predicting the appropriate timing of the backchannel so that conversational agents can display backchannel behavior in response to a user who is speaking. To the best of our knowledge, none of them added the prediction of turn-changing and participants' turn-management willingness to the backchannel prediction model in dyad interactions. In this paper, we proposed a novel backchannel prediction model that can jointly predict turn-changing and turn-management willingness. We investigated the impact of modeling turn-changing and willingness to improve backchannel prediction. Our proposed model is based on trimodal inputs, that is, acoustic, linguistic, and visual cues from conversations. Our results suggest that adding turn-management willingness as a prediction task improves the performance of backchannel prediction within the multi-modal multi-task learning approach, while adding turn-changing prediction is not useful for improving the performance of backchannel prediction.","PeriodicalId":148152,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","volume":"55 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120941521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Comparing The Accuracy of Frequentist and Bayesian Models in Human-Agent Negotiation 频率模型与贝叶斯模型在人- agent协商中的准确性比较

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478354

Emmanuel Johnson, J. Gratch

{"title":"Comparing The Accuracy of Frequentist and Bayesian Models in Human-Agent Negotiation","authors":"Emmanuel Johnson, J. Gratch","doi":"10.1145/3472306.3478354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472306.3478354","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding an opponent's wants is crucial for maximizing the outcomes of a multi-issue negotiation. To do this, automated systems must build an \"opponent model\" from information conveyed during a negotiation. Bayesian and frequentist models are the most commonly used. Bayesian models have a principled way to incorporate prior knowledge about an opponent's preferences. However, frequentist models have outperformed Bayesian approaches in practice, dominating the yearly agent-verses-agent negotiation competitions. With growing interest in agents that negotiate with people, this presumed dominance needs to be revisited. Human opponents convey far less information than automated agents, and people often share similar preferences (e.g., in a salary negotiation, most people care the most about salary). Thus, the theoretical advantage of Bayesian approaches may translate into practice for agent-versus-human negotiation. In this work, we compare the performance of Bayesian models against a leading frequentist approach in an agent-versus-human multi-issue salary negotiation. Although we show that frequentist opponent models outperform Bayesian models when using a uniform prior, Bayesian approaches excel when using two common priors. The best performance is achieved with an empirically-derived prior (i.e., biasing the model space using the distribution of preferences found in past human negotiators). Yet, strong performance is also observed when using a \"fixed-pie bias\", the prior used by most human negotiators. We discuss the implication of these findings for research on human-agent negotiation.","PeriodicalId":148152,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114754659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Generation of Multimodal Behaviors in the Greta platform Greta平台中多模态行为的生成

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478368

Michele Grimaldi, C. Pelachaud

引用次数: 2

Introducing VHMason: A Visual, Integrated, Multimodal Virtual Human Authoring Tool VHMason:一个可视化的、集成的、多模态的虚拟人创作工具

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478363

Arno Hartholt, Edward Fast, A. Leeds, S. Mozgai

引用次数: 0

Pandemic Panic: The Effect of Disaster-Related Stress on Negotiation Outcomes 大流行恐慌:灾害相关压力对谈判结果的影响

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478353

Johnathan Mell, Gale M. Lucas, J. Gratch

{"title":"Pandemic Panic: The Effect of Disaster-Related Stress on Negotiation Outcomes","authors":"Johnathan Mell, Gale M. Lucas, J. Gratch","doi":"10.1145/3472306.3478353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472306.3478353","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research often finds increased altruism following natural disasters. One explanation is the social heuristic hypothesis: humans are prosocial by nature but become self-interested when they have the opportunity to deliberate. As the stress of a disaster lowers people's ability to engage in effortful deliberation, their heuristic prosocial tendencies emerge. However, this link has often been explored with very simple tasks like the dictator game. Here we study the impact of COVID-related stress on outcomes in multi-issue negotiations with a computational virtual agent. These tasks are interesting because they share some of the characteristics of dictator games (some pot of resources must be divided) but they also involve presumably effortful perspective taking (that can grow the size of the pot). Furthermore, the interaction of humans with virtual agents allows us to explore the extent to which humans apply the CASA (computers as social actors) paradigm to negotiation when under considerable stress. In two experiments with a virtual negotiation partner, we provide evidence for two distinct pathways for how COVID-19 stress shapes prosocial behavior. Consistent with the social heuristic hypothesis, COVID-stress increases giving, mediated by heuristic thinking. But COVID-stress also seems to enhance information-exchange and perspective taking, which allowed participants to grow more value which they could give away. Our results give new insights into the relationship between stress, cognition, and prosocial behavior.","PeriodicalId":148152,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","volume":"2 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114104055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Questionnaire Items for Evaluating Artificial Social Agents - Expert Generated, Content Validated and Reliability Analysed 人工社会主体评价问卷项目——专家生成、内容验证及信度分析

Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents Pub Date : 2021-09-14 DOI: 10.1145/3472306.3478341

S. Fitrianie, Merijn Bruijnes, Fengxiang Li, Willem-Paul Brinkman

{"title":"Questionnaire Items for Evaluating Artificial Social Agents - Expert Generated, Content Validated and Reliability Analysed","authors":"S. Fitrianie, Merijn Bruijnes, Fengxiang Li, Willem-Paul Brinkman","doi":"10.1145/3472306.3478341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3472306.3478341","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we report on the multi-year Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA) community effort, involving more than 90 researchers worldwide, researching the IVA community interests and practice in evaluating human interaction with an artificial social agent (ASA). The joint efforts have previously generated a unified set of 19 constructs that capture more than 80% of constructs used in empirical studies published in the IVA conference between 2013 to 2018. In this paper, we present expert-content-validated 131 questionnaire items for the constructs and their dimensions, and investigate the level of reliability. We establish this in three phases. Firstly, eight experts generated 431 potential construct items. Secondly, 20 experts rated whether items measure (only) their intended construct, resulting in 207 content-validated items. Next, a reliability analysis was conducted, involving 192 crowd-workers who were asked to rate a human interaction with an ASA, which resulted in 131 items (about 5 items per measurement, with Cronbach's alpha ranged [.60 -- .87]). These are the starting points for the questionnaire instrument of human-ASA interaction.","PeriodicalId":148152,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123650689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5