JMIR Public Health and Surveillance最新文献

{"title":"Building Public Health Data Dashboards: Tutorial Playbook.","authors":"Elwin Wu, Raymond Balise, Benjamin Katz, Daniel Harris, Matthew Bullard, Naleef Fareed, Marc Larochelle, Jennifer Villani","doi":"10.2196/83157","DOIUrl":"10.2196/83157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>Public health data dashboards have substantial potential to improve transparency, understanding, and decision-making at multiple levels, from individuals to public health practitioners and policymakers. However, creating effective dashboards presents many challenges. In this case-based tutorial on public health dashboard development, we share lessons learned from our experience developing data dashboards for the HEALing Communities Study (HCS), a National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded, community-engaged intervention to deploy evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths in 67 communities across 4 states. We present key decision points dashboard teams must address, along with the major considerations and trade-offs that shaped our approach. First, we describe core considerations of the who, what, why, where, when, and how of data dashboard development. Second, we outline steps in data curation, including the identification of key metrics and potential data sources and developing processes to acquire the data. Third, we discuss practical aspects of developing data visualizations that can effectively communicate key messages to the end users of interest. Fourth, we describe the infrastructure considerations to host and publish data dashboards. And finally, we discuss maintenance and sustainability of the dashboard. While the material can be read sequentially as a step-by-step guide, we refer to this resource as a \"playbook\" because readers may engage with specific domains in a random-access fashion, that is, based on their specific needs and/or starting point rather than a fixed sequence. The information, supplemental materials, and resources will assist individuals and organizations seeking to build data dashboards by fostering context-sensitive evaluation of design and implementation choices to realize the promise of data-driven decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e83157"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13065236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147644925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Determinants of Childhood Vaccination Coverage in the United States Using National Immunization Survey Data From 2010 to 2023: Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Ramya Keerthi Majji, Yan Zhuang, Felix M Pabon-Rodriguez","doi":"10.2196/81746","DOIUrl":"10.2196/81746","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccination in early childhood is essential to prevent serious infectious diseases and protect community health. In the United States, 7 vaccines (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis; polio; measles, mumps, and rubella; Haemophilus influenzae type b; hepatitis B; varicella; and pneumococcal conjugate) are recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children aged 19-35 months, along with 3 others (hepatitis A, influenza, and rotavirus), which are recommended for full protection. Despite these guidelines, recent measles outbreaks in the United States have drawn attention to persistent gaps in coverage.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This cross-sectional study explores immunization patterns among children aged 19-35 months using provider-verified data from the National Immunization Survey-Child between 2010 and 2023.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Survey-weighted logistic regression models were used to assess associations between vaccination status and social determinants of health, including child age group, maternal education, insurance status, birth order, and region. Separate survey-weighted logistic regression models were fit for each survey year from 2010 to 2023. We considered the complex survey design to calculate vaccination coverage rates and their CIs, accounting for clustering and stratification in the sampling methodology. A composite variable was created to measure full coverage of the 7 recommended vaccines, and within each year, models were estimated separately for each individual vaccine and for the 7-vaccine series composite outcome to identify vaccine-specific barriers to immunization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Provider-verified response rates declined from 70.8% (17004/24013) in 2010 to 47.7% (18412/38619) in 2023, although the analytic sample size remained stable. Coverage for the Combined 7-Vaccine Series increased from 70.8% (11893/16798) in 2010 to 77.4% (13957/18032) in 2023. Older age was consistently associated with higher odds of complete vaccination (2010: odds ratio [OR] 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19; 2023: OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.35), whereas lack of insurance and Hispanic origin were associated with lower uptake for selected vaccines. In 2022, uninsured children had 26% lower odds of complete vaccination compared with insured children (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65-0.84). Higher income-to-poverty ratio was consistently associated with increased vaccination uptake, including influenza vaccination in 2020 (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13-1.39). Regional and language-related disparities persisted across survey years.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Persistent socioeconomic and structural gradients in childhood vaccination coverage highlight the need for equity-focused immunization strategies that address insurance access, language barriers, and geographic disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e81746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13107105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147644908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational Hypertension as a Mediator of Prenatal Ozone Exposure and Term Low Birth Weight: Birth Cohort Study.","authors":"Yuxin Zhang, Quanjun Liu, Mengwei Song, Qiulin Huang, Qingbo Zhao, Qingqing Tao, Chenchen Zhang, Qin Li, Qing Wang","doi":"10.2196/81412","DOIUrl":"10.2196/81412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ambient ozone (O3) exposure has been found to be associated with gestational hypertension, which, in turn, increases the risk of term low birth weight (LBW). As such, gestational hypertension acts as a potential mechanism mediating restricted fetal growth; however, few epidemiological studies have quantified this specific mediation pathway.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to examine whether gestational hypertension serves as a mediator of the association between prenatal O3 exposure and term LBW.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a population-based cohort study using the Cheeloo Lifespan Electronic Health Research Data-library, including 3,394,739 singleton term live births in Shandong Province, China, from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2022. We used high-resolution spatiotemporal models based on residential addresses for exposure assessment. In addition to term LBW, we examined term small for gestational age (SGA) to capture fetal growth restriction while accounting for gestational age at birth. Given the low prevalence of these outcomes, we used logistic regression models where odds ratios approximated relative risks. A 4-step mediation analysis using logistic regression was conducted, followed by a counterfactual-based causal mediation analysis, to test the mediating role of gestational hypertension.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean (SD) O3 concentration was 113.90 (13.03) μg m-3. Each IQR increase in O3 was positively associated with the risks of term LBW (relative risk 1.055, 95% CI 1.034-1.077) and term SGA (relative risk 1.037, 95% CI 1.026-1.048). Using the traditional approach, gestational hypertension mediated 19.94% of the risk for term LBW and 13.41% for term SGA. Under the counterfactual framework, the contribution rates were 38.82% (term LBW) and 19.96% (term SGA) when excluding exposure-mediator interaction, and 35.15% (term LBW) and 18.82% (term SGA) when accounting for such interaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings showed that gestational hypertension was a significant mediator of the association between O3 exposure and risks of term LBW. Consequently, a multitiered strategy-encompassing stricter air quality standards, integrating O3 risk education into routine prenatal care, and taking proactive measures to minimize personal exposure-is essential to prevent potential adverse impacts on developing fetuses and mothers.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e81412"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13061370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147638879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and Opportunities to Include Underrepresented Population Groups in Vaccine Trials: Cross-Sectional, Observational, Online Survey Study From the VACCELERATE Research Network.","authors":"Mine Durusu Tanriover, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Grammatiki-Christina Tsopela, Ioannis Kopsidas, Christos Argyropoulos, Romina Di Marzo, Olena Valdenmaiier, Stine Finne Jakobsen, Paula Valle Simon, Antonio Javier Carcas-Sansuan, Ole F Olesen, Oliver A Cornely, Zoi Dorothea Pana, Theoklis Zaoutis, Murat Akova","doi":"10.2196/89025","DOIUrl":"10.2196/89025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the vast growth of vaccine studies during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, clinical trials failed to adequately represent diverse societal groups, resulting in the underrepresentation of specific populations. Understanding the factors hampering participation in vaccine clinical trials is essential to better identify structural, ethical, and communication barriers and to improve inclusive strategies for broader and more equitable participation in future vaccine research.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to identify the perceived barriers to participation in vaccine trials among pregnant and lactating women, children aged younger than 18 years, and adults aged older than 65 years, as reported by professionals with expertise in vaccines or vaccine trials.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An online questionnaire was developed to gather personal information, group-specific barriers to vaccine trial participation, and suggestions to overcome these barriers. Data are presented as absolute (n/N) and relative frequencies (%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 115 respondents, the majority (n=73, 63.5%) of whom were working in the scientific community, completed the online survey. Challenges in recruiting children were identified due to \"safety or efficacy concerns,\" \"difficulties about ethics and regulatory issues,\" and \"lack of targeted information and communication.\" Challenges in recruiting pregnant and lactating women were primarily \"ethics and regulatory requirements,\" \"safety issues,\" and \"lack of prioritization or interest.\" \"Lack of information and communication channels adapted to the specific target group,\" along with \"lack of prioritization,\" were the main challenges in recruiting older participants. Provision of health-related incentives, including but not limited to access to new treatments and receiving expert medical care, seems to be the top-rated motivation to participate in vaccine clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The main challenges in recruiting pregnant and lactating women and children in vaccine trials involve safety and efficacy concerns, as well as lengthy ethical and regulatory processes. For older adults, key issues include poor communication channels tailored to their needs, limited information, lack of prioritization, funding, infrastructure, and industry interest. Across all underrepresented groups, low awareness of and poor communication about research opportunities were major barriers. Additionally, mobility issues affected older adults, while lack of motivation and incentives affected children, and low health literacy and provider uncertainty impacted pregnant and lactating women. Improving communication infrastructure and enhancing communication strategies with clear, tailored messages to build trust and motivate participation are essential to improve inclusion in vaccine research.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e89025"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13056233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147633361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Tuberculosis Surveillance Using Global Standards and Benchmarks in the Philippines: Mixed Methods Study.","authors":"Minal Ahson, Donna Mae Gaviola, Stephanie O'Connor, Andro Gutierrez, Marvin Apas, Maria Alezandra Eguia, Devon Ray Pacial, Arianne Zamora, Romel Lacson, Alethea De Guzman, Patrick K Moonan","doi":"10.2196/77058","DOIUrl":"10.2196/77058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Philippines accounts for 7% of the global tuberculosis (TB) burden. In 2022, an estimated 741,000 Filipinos developed TB, and 40,000 died as a result. Approximately 350,000 new TB diagnoses remain unreported annually.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In October 2023, we undertook an assessment of the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of the national TB surveillance system using globally accepted TB surveillance standards and benchmarks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A team of Filipino and international evaluators conducted field visits to 9 purposively selected health facilities across 4 regions. Health records were reviewed, and key informants were interviewed to assess essential activities and best practices for TB surveillance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 16 applicable performance standards, 4 (25%) were fully met, 9 (56.3%) were partially met, and 3 (18.8%) were not met. This was an improvement from a similar assessment conducted in 2019. Although electronic case-based recording and reporting had expanded greatly since 2019, large local variations in the adoption of quality assurance practices were evident. More than 50% of persons with reported TB had no bacteriological confirmation despite the presence of a functional national laboratory network. Underreporting due to underdiagnosis was also noted. Delayed reporting was common, especially in locations with limited internet connectivity or limited access to anti-TB medications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Issues related to data quality assurance, gaps in case verification, and timeliness emerged as potential threats to data integrity and surveillance fidelity. Enhanced monitoring and evaluation, along with tailored studies, such as a national TB inventory study, could assist in quantifying potential underreporting and clinical overdiagnosis, guiding future funding, and assessing progress toward elimination targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e77058"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147627810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Projected Health and Economic Benefits of Air Quality Targets in China: Modeling Study.","authors":"Siyuan Wang, Zhiwei Xu, Gian Luca Di Tanna, Yawen Jiang, Mingsheng Chen, Laura Downey, Stephen Jan, Lei Si","doi":"10.2196/84809","DOIUrl":"10.2196/84809","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Air pollution continues to impose a substantial health and economic burden in China. Despite recent improvements, national annual average PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) concentrations remain substantially above the levels deemed safe by the World Health Organization (WHO), underscoring the need for more stringent air quality control.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aims to quantify the projected health and economic benefits of reducing PM2.5 concentrations in China under the Healthy China 2030 plan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Using the 2020 ground-level PM2.5 data as a baseline, we projected cause-specific mortality and morbidity outcomes for 337 prefecture-level cities in China from 2020 to 2030 under four policy scenarios: (1) Healthy China 2030 (10% reduction by 2025; 25 µg/m³ by 2030) and the WHO targets of (2) 15 µg/m³, (3) 10 µg/m³, and (4) 5 µg/m³ by 2030. Mortality for noncommunicable diseases, lower respiratory infections, stroke, ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was estimated using the Global Exposure Mortality Model. Hospitalizations were modeled using log-linear models based on national evidence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;In 2020, PM2.5 concentrations across the 337 cities ranged from 7 to 63 µg/m³, with a national annual mean of 32.6 µg/m³. Higher concentration levels were observed in eastern China, particularly in the eastern and southeastern regions. Overall, our analysis accounted for nearly 70% of the total population of China in 2020. Our analysis shows that maintaining PM2.5 at 2020 levels was projected to result in 9.04 million (95% CI 7.70-10.67 million) attributable deaths, compared with 8.63 million (95% CI 7.42-10.30 million) under the policy scenario, corresponding to 0.41 million premature deaths averted under the 14th Five-Year Clean Air Plan. Over 2021-2030, PM2.5-attributable deaths declined from 17.76 million (95% CI 14.21-20.95 million) under baseline conditions to 15.96 million (95% CI 12.85-19.15 million) under the policy scenario. Achieving WHO targets would further reduce attributable deaths to 13.99 million (95% CI 11.25-15.25 million) at 15 µg/m³, 12.86 million (95% CI 10.85-14.85 million) at 10 µg/m³, and 11.49 million (95% CI 8.96-13.45 million) at 5 µg/m³. The annual average hospitalizations declined by 21,422 cardiovascular and 26,545 respiratory admissions under the policy scenario, increasing to 41,690 and 51,681 at 15 µg/m³, 51,884 and 64,333 at 10 µg/m³, and 62,146 and 77,073 at 5 µg/m³, respectively. Subsequently, total economic gains reached US $123.7 billion under the policy scenario and increased to US $185.7 billion, US $240.7 billion, and US $306.5 billion under the 15, 10, and 5 µg/m³ scenarios, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Our findings suggest that while the Healthy China 2030 Plan offered substantial health gains, achieving stricter WHO air quality targets could yield 2-3","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e84809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13043006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the Reasons Behind Maternal Care Dropout in Bangladesh: Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Syeda Saima Alam, Plabon Sarkar, M A Rifat, Sumaiya Jahan, Rokibul Islam, Israt Jahan, Sanjib Saha","doi":"10.2196/85875","DOIUrl":"10.2196/85875","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Utilization of the maternal continuum of care (CoC)-comprising adequate antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth attendance, and postnatal care (PNC)-is critical for improving maternal and child health outcomes. However, dropout from the CoC remains substantial in Bangladesh, with women discontinuing services at different stages of pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aimed to quantify maternal dropout at each stage of the CoC and identify socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with discontinuity, comparing two nationally representative survey rounds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Data were drawn from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) 2017-2018 and 2022. Women aged 15 to 49 years with a live birth in the preceding 2 to 3 years were included. Completion of full CoC was defined as receiving at least 4 ANC visits, delivering with a skilled birth attendant, and obtaining at least 1 PNC contact within 48 hours of delivery. Predisposing (age, education, parity, religion, and division), enabling (wealth index, media exposure, health care access, and residence), and need factors (terminated pregnancy and desired pregnancy status) were identified using the Andersen Behavioral Model. Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models were fitted for each CoC component and overall CoC completion, with interaction terms to assess whether associations differed between survey rounds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Among 8424 mothers, 27.9% (n=2350) failed to complete all components of the maternal CoC. Dropout was highest at the ANC stage (n=4962, 55.7%), followed by PNC (n=3976, 47.2%) and skilled birth attendant-assisted delivery (n=3378, 40.1%). Between survey rounds, overall CoC dropout decreased significantly from 31.9% (BDHS 2017-2018) to 22.4% (BDHS 2022), reflecting modest improvements in service continuity. Factors significantly associated with higher odds of CoC dropout included lower maternal education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.70, 95% CI 1.94-3.77; P&lt;.001), higher parity (AOR 2.73, 95% CI 2.12-3.50; P&lt;.001), lower wealth quintiles (AOR 4.04, 95% CI 3.02-5.41; P&lt;.001), and rural residence (AOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.18-1.67; P&lt;.001). Protective factors included older maternal age at delivery (AOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.74; P&lt;.001) and history of ever-terminated pregnancy (AOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.86; P&lt;.001). Significant temporal interactions (all P&lt;.05) indicated that the strength of associations for education, parity, religion, wealth, media exposure, health care access barriers, residence, and pregnancy desire differed between survey rounds, reflecting changing determinants of CoC engagement amid policy reforms and pandemic disruptions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Maternal, socioeconomic, and geographic factors are strongly associated with discontinuity along the maternal health care continuum in Bangladesh. Statistically significant ","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e85875"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13043009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of Contact Tracing to Reduce Transmission of Infectious Diseases During Epidemic or Pandemic Response: Rapid Systematic Review.","authors":"Michael Nunns, Samantha Febrey, Kieran Becker, Morgan Weiland, Jill Buckland, Rebecca Abbott, Rebecca Whear, Alison Bethel, Liz Shaw, Kate Boddy, Serena Carville, Tamsyn Harris, Jo Thompson Coon, G J Melendez-Torres","doi":"10.2196/84805","DOIUrl":"10.2196/84805","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Contact tracing (CT), the process of identifying and managing contacts of infected cases, is one public health and social measure that may reduce the spread of infectious diseases. While previous systematic reviews of CT exist, a comprehensive review of both the effectiveness and potential unintended consequences has not been undertaken to our knowledge. Understanding effective CT strategies could help governments and health authorities prepare effectively for emergency epidemic or pandemic situations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aims to systematically review the evidence on the effectiveness of CT across infectious diseases with epidemic or pandemic potential. Effectiveness is measured in terms of impacts on disease transmission, health care use, mortality, or unintended consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;We searched 6 bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Global Health, CINAHL Ultimate, Cochrane, and Scopus) between November 29 and December 3, 2024, with supplementary citation searching. We sought human studies comparing CT with interventions with no CT or other forms of CT, delivered in the community, in prespecified diseases of epidemic or pandemic potential. We included studies with any measure of disease transmission, related health care use, or unintended consequences of CT and prioritized studies with concurrent comparators. Screening, data extraction, and critical appraisal were performed in duplicate. Due to substantial heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed. This review was informed by meetings with a patient and public involvement and engagement group.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;After deduplication, a total of 12,816 titles and abstracts were screened, with 198 records assessed for eligibility at full text. Five additional studies were found through supplementary searching. Finally, 88 reports (of 86 studies) were included, of which 57 reports (of 55 studies) were prioritized. Two main routes of transmission were represented: respiratory (tuberculosis [TB], 15 studies; COVID-19, 5 studies) and blood-borne or sexually transmitted infections (STIs; 35 studies, of which 13 were in HIV, and 22 were bacterial or parasitic infections). No evidence was found on vector-borne, direct contact, or food- or water-borne routes of transmission. Evidence was highly heterogeneous, and more than half of the studies had notable methodological limitations. While there was no difference between CT and comparator interventions for most outcomes, there was some evidence of reductions in disease prevalence in TB and for provider-initiated CT to be superior to patient-led approaches in STIs. Only 2 studies reported measures of unintended consequences.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;We found inconsistent evidence for the effectiveness of CT, focused primarily on TB and on contrasts between provider-initiated CT and patient-led referral in STIs and HIV. High heterogeneity in ","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e84805"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13080299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Factors in Rural Areas of Northern Vietnam: Cross-Sectional Survey.","authors":"Duc Cuong Le, Thi Hien Nguyen, Thi Ly Nguyen, Thi Nuong Tran, Xuan Hien Luong, Thi Thu Huong Do, Xuan Thuy Tran, Van Manh Ngo, Thi Huyen Dieu Bui, Tien Van Nguyen, Van Thuan Hoang, Thanh Binh Vu","doi":"10.2196/79688","DOIUrl":"10.2196/79688","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its associated factors have not been investigated in Vietnam, especially in rural areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GDM and its associated factors in rural areas of Vietnam.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1003 pregnant women aged ≥18 years in rural areas of northern Vietnam. GDM was identified based on impaired oral glucose tolerance test results according to the guidelines of the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups. Associated factors for GDM were analyzed using a modified Poisson regression with robust (sandwich) SE analysis, with maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, and family history of diabetes as explanatory factors, adjusted for parity, method of conception, hormonal therapy for pregnancy maintenance, physical inactivity, and history of chronic medical conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The prevalence of GDM was 26.2%. Patients with GDM were more likely to be older than the control group (odds ratio 3.33, 95% CI 2.31-4.78). In the multivariable analysis, maternal age was strongly associated with GDM. Compared with women aged &lt;25 years, those aged 25 to 34 years had a significantly higher prevalence of GDM (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] 1.50, 95% CI 1.12-1.99; P=.006). The rate was even higher among women aged ≥35 years (adjusted PR 2.40, 95% CI 1.74-3.31; P&lt;.001). These associations remained consistent after further adjustment for confounders (25-34 years: adjusted PR 1.44, 95% CI 1.07-1.95; P=.02 and ≥35 years: adjusted PR 2.15, 95% CI 1.49-3.11; P&lt;.001). Overweight women (BMI 23 to &lt;25 kg/m²) showed a borderline association with GDM, although this did not reach statistical significance (adjusted PR 1.39, 95% CI 0.98-1.98; P=.06), while women with BMI ≥25 kg/m² had a significantly higher prevalence (adjusted PR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10-2.26; P=.01). These findings persisted in the adjusted model, with BMI ≥25 kg/m² remaining significantly associated with GDM (adjusted PR 1.54, 95% CI 1.10-2.17; P=.01). Women with a family history of diabetes had an increased prevalence of GDM in both models, although the association did not reach statistical significance (adjusted PR 1.51, 95% CI 0.85-2.68; P=.16). Most additional covariates included in the multivariable analysis were not significant. However, women who conceived via in vitro fertilization had a significantly higher prevalence of GDM compared with those who conceived naturally (adjusted PR 1.38, 95% CI 1.04-1.85; P=.03). The use of hormonal therapy to maintain pregnancy was also associated with an increased risk (adjusted PR 1.32, 95% CI 1.04-1.68; P=.02).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The findings highlight the need for early screening and counseling before pregnancy. Lifestyle programs should focus on weight control and healthy habits. Future research should te","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e79688"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13037762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147592345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acceptability and Feasibility of Longitudinal Sampling for Sexually Transmitted Enteric Infections in Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men (GBMSM): Prospective Cohort Pilot Study Conducted in 2022 in South East England.","authors":"Holly Fountain, Katie Thorley, David Reid, Dana Ogaz, Daniel Richardson, Hannah Charles, Kate S Baker, Claire Jenkins, Caisey V Pulford, Gwenda Hughes, Nigel Field, Catherine H Mercer, Xavier Didelot, Noel McCarthy, Hamish Mohammed, Holly D Mitchell","doi":"10.2196/73762","DOIUrl":"10.2196/73762","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;In the last 2 decades, there has been an increasing number of sexually transmissible enteric infection (STEI) outbreaks among gay, bisexual, or other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). There remain important gaps in our understanding of how STEI transmission is sustained that repeated collection of samples could help to address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;This study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of longitudinal samples and epidemiological data collection among GBMSM accessing sexual health services (SHS) through a prospective cohort study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;GBMSM (≥16 years) accessing 2 SHS in Brighton and Sussex were recruited between May and October 2022. Participants provided an initial rectal swab and optional fecal sample and completed an online baseline questionnaire. Weekly follow-up questionnaires and rectal swabs were collected for a further 11 weeks. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) surveillance data were pseudonymously linked to provide additional clinical and demographic information. Selected participants were invited to take part in an optional one-to-one interview. We assessed the number completing study procedures, characteristics of those completing procedures and not, and representativeness of the study sample alongside facilitators and barriers from interviews. A chi-square test was used to compare groups.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Overall, 193 participants were recruited. Half (100/193, 51.8%) provided a baseline rectal swab, with a third (34/100, 34.0%) of them providing all 12 swabs. Alongside the baseline swab, 76.0% (76/100) provided the optional fecal sample. Just over a third (71/193, 36.8%) of participants completed a baseline questionnaire, with a fifth (15/71, 21.1%) providing all follow-up questionnaires. Interviews (n=21) found that participation was motivated by the feeling of giving something back for services received and a perceived indirect benefit to self. The study was generally accepted, with over half reflecting on the perceived ease of participation and relatively simple tasks that could be easily integrated into normal routine with an element of flexibility. Most participants were satisfied with the 12-week study length, and having a definitive end point aided the ability to assess if they would be able to participate. Barriers to completing the study procedures included not being aware of what was required, particularly for the follow-up questionnaires. Suggested improvements included concise and easier-to-read instructions, with a section to clearly list out the key procedures of the study. SMS text messaging reminders were sent, but these were seen with variable utility and interpreted in different ways (eg, personal or generic reminders or thank you messages).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;This study has provided evidence that longitudinal rectal swab sampling and data collection for research purposes are feasible ","PeriodicalId":14765,"journal":{"name":"JMIR Public Health and Surveillance","volume":"12 ","pages":"e73762"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13035075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}