Iraqi Journal of Science最新文献

{"title":"Biochemical Markers of Iron Status Among Iraqi Patients at Different Severity Levels of Celiac Disease","authors":"H. Hasan, Zahraa I. Abudal Kadhum, Jasim M. Ghadhban","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"     In people with a hereditary predisposition, gluten consumption causes celiac disease, a multifactorial autoimmune condition. The ensuing small intestine inflammatory process develops specific antibodies and causes various gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms with varying degrees of severity. Evaluation of the blood iron profile at various histological celiac disease severity in Iraqi patients was the goal of the current study.  Seventy-five Iraqi patients with celiac disease, with a mean age of 18.68± 11.13 years, were the study's participants. These people tested positive for celiac antibodies and experienced gastrointestinal symptoms. Based on the disease histological severity, they were divided into two groups: marsh (III a, b, c) group and marsh (0, I) group. For comparison purposes, 46 people who appeared to be in good health and matched in age and gender to the patients utilized in the study were also included. The levels of iron, transferrin, hemoglobin, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, unsaturated iron binding capacity, and the percentage of transferrin that is saturated with iron were all measured. In comparison to the other patient groups under study, celiac patients (marsh III) group, and particularly those of group (marsh III c), showed a substantial drop (p<0.05) in iron, the percentage of transferrin saturating with iron, the levels of each ferritin and of hemoglobin. The total iron binding capacity and the unsaturated iron binding capacity showed a significant elevation (p<0.05) in (marsh III c) patients’ group, meanwhile non-significant differences (p> 0.05) were found in transferrin concentration. Moreover, significant differences (p< 0.05) were obtained in the iron profile between celiac patients who followed strict gluten free diet and those patients with gluten contained diet.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"2016 34","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Finding the Exact Solution of Kepler’s Equation for an Elliptical Satellite Orbit Using the First Kind Bessel Function","authors":"R. Ibrahim, Abdul-Rahman H. Saleh","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.42","url":null,"abstract":"     In this study, the first kind Bessel function was used to solve Kepler equation for an elliptical orbiting satellite. It is a classical method that gives a direct solution for calculation of the eccentric anomaly. It was solved for one period from (M=0-360)° with an eccentricity of (e=0-1) and the number of terms from (N=1-10). Also, the error in the representation of the first kind Bessel function was calculated. The results indicated that for eccentricity of (0.1-0.4) and (N = 1-10), the values of eccentric anomaly gave a good result as compared with the exact solution. Besides, the obtained eccentric anomaly values were unaffected by increasing the number of terms (N = 6-10) for eccentricities (0.8 and 0.9). The Bessel function's solution appeared to be close to the exact solution for eccentricity of 1 and more than 10 number of terms. Finally, the representation of the first kind Bessel function J1(x) was closer to the exact representation only for eccentricity 0.5 and (N=1-10).","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"19 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Path Planning for Autonomous Mobile Robots Using the RFO-GWO Optimization Algorithm","authors":"Fetoh H. Ketafa, Salah Al-Darraji","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.38","url":null,"abstract":"Path planning is a challenging navigation problem that can be handled using multi-objective methods. This paper, present a thre\u0000     Path planning is a challenging navigation problem that can be handled using multi-objective methods. This paper presents a three-stage multi-objective path-planning method. The first stage is to locate the best or near-best solution path and avoid detected obstacles using a hybrid of the red fox–gray wolf optimizer (RFO–GWO), which finds a route from the start position to the target position. In the second step, a mutation operation using an evolutionary algorithm is utilized to enhance the length, integrity, and smoothness of the route generated by the RFO–GWO algorithm. The final step of the suggested method is refined further using a multiphase technique. By integrating the real sizes of the mobile robots and the size of the barriers and phrasing the issue as a traveling object in the available area, the suggested path-planning method resembles the actual world. The simulation results indicate that this strategy creates the most viable path even in complicated surroundings, overcoming the disadvantages of traditional approaches. Furthermore, when compared to prior path-planning methods, the simulation’s outcomes indicate that the suggested RFO–GWO method is effective in terms of the route, and the strategy is extremely competitive. The results showed a significant improvement, where the total percentage convergence time (in seconds) for RFO–GWO for the three maps was 15%, 12%, and 10%, respectively, whereas it was 35%, 41%, and 43% seconds in GWO and 34%, 35%, and 37% seconds in RFO. There was also a significant improvement in the number of nodes for RFO-GWO (2%, 3%, and 2%) compared to GWO nodes (64%, 65%, and 62%), and RFO nodes (32%, 30%, and 35%)  for the same three maps. Subsequently, the smoothness of the path formed by the recommended approach was enhanced using the evolutionary algorithm (EA), where the total percentage length of the path in the worst scenario for GWO was 28% and for RFO was 26% in units, but after improvement with the RFO-GWO with EA, it became 22% in units.\u0000stages multi-objective path planning method: The first stage is to locate the best or near-best solution path and avoid the detected obstacles using a hybrid of the Red Fox-Grey Wolf optimizer (RFO-GWO) method, which finds a rout from the start position to the target position. In the second step, a mutation operation by evolutionary, are utilized to enhance the length, integrity, and smooth of the rout generated by the RFO-GWO method. the final step the suggested method is refined further by using the multiphase technique. By integrating both the real sizes of the mobile robots and the size of the barriers and phrasing the issue as a traveling object in the available area, the suggested path planning method resembles the actual world. The simulation results indicate that this strategy creates the best viable path even in complicated ","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"82 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radioactivity in the Southern East Baghdad Oilfield from the Reservoir to the Surface Environment","authors":"Maryam A. Ibrahim, Kamal K. Ali","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"     Naturally occurring radioactivity was evaluated in the reservoir rock, surface soil samples, and oil production waste at the East Baghdad South (EBS) Oil Field. The radioactivity of uranium-238 (and radium-226), thorium-232, and potassium-40 were calculated in core samples from four geological formations: Al-Zubair, Al-Khasib, Tanuma, and Hartha Formations, which represent the oil reservoirs in the study area in addition to the natural GR and SGR logs for the oil well in EBS were calculated. The radioactivity of the above-mentioned nuclides was also measured for surface soil samples and waste samples from the site of the oil production industry at the EBS oilfield. The measurements included all the stages of oil production from the collection of crude oil from the wells stage to the storage of the manufactured oil. It also included measurements of radioactivity in samples for some sites outside the industry and near the oil wells in the region. Total radioactivity was measured in count/second and the exposure dose rates were also measured at all the above sites. Relatively high concentrations of uranium-238 and radium-226 were found in rock core samples of some geological units within the oil reservoir formations which will certainly move with the oil to the surface and collect with waste (such as sludge) when oil is produced. Although, some sites have higher Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40, in the sludge samples and oily soil, such as in the 1st separator stage, water separation (Desalter) stage, and near the waste pit, these locations are acceptable if they are compared with other oilfields worldwide. The gamma absorbed doses calculated inside the EBS oil industry were higher than the global average of (59) nGy/h where Ra-226 is the main contributor in these doses, on the other hand, external hazard index (Hex) values less than unity so they are acceptable according to UNSCEAR. Radiation dose values in some places in the study area exceed the values recommended by ICRP, UNSCEAR, and IAEA (1 mSv/y) for the public but less than the values recommended for workers (20 mSv/y). generally, the site of EBS- oilfield does not show radioactive contamination or significant radioactive hazards, as it is a new facility, and safety instructions are still strictly applied, and the removal of waste immediately before its spread by the activity of the workers in the facility.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"13 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weakly 2-Prime Sub-Modules","authors":"Mohammed Qader Rahman, Alaa A. Elewi, Mustafa Mohammed Hameed","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.30","url":null,"abstract":"     Let R be a commutative ring containing a unit, and let  be a left R-module. We define a proper sub-module N of an R-module M to be a weakly 2-prime sub-module if whenever , then either  or . This concept is an expansion of the idea of a weakly 2-prime ideal, where an ideal P of R is said to be a weakly 2-prime ideal if for all  implies  or . Several characteristics of sub-modules that are weakly 2-prime are taken into account.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140411555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying the Effect of the Instantaneous and Continuous Pollutants Sources on the Advection-diffusion Equation and Its Applications","authors":"Khaled S. M. Essa, Sawsan I. M. El Saied, A. Wheida, M. El-Nazer","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.41","url":null,"abstract":"     This study investigates instantaneous and continuous sources as point, line, and area sources. Gaussian concentration in the case of the puff model with an instantaneous point source inhomogeneous longitudinal diffusion is investigated. The concentration is calculated using different dispersion parameters to get the proposed normalized concentration of the puff model at ground level around the centerline, which is compared with observed data by the Copenhagen experiment and previous work [1].\u0000Also, the continuous point source is used to get the Gaussian plume model in three dimensions using dispersion parameters to compare with the observed concentration data measured by the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority for Iodine-135 (I135) in an unstable condition.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"8 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140410797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cluster Outer Points via Proximity Spaces","authors":"Raghad Almohammed, L. .. Jabar","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.23","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most effective mathematical concepts for developing a clear picture of topological cluster proximity spaces is the follower points and the takeoff points. These are utilized in current study to construct three sets called the cluster outer set, the cluster disputed set and the cluster brim set denoted by , respectively. These three sets have divided the space into three separate pairs. On the other hand, the most important results, properties, and relationships between the sets were highlighted and studied.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"756 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Structure of the Generalized Cayley Graph Cay_m (〖 D〗_2n,S) of Valency Three","authors":"Suad Abdulaali Neamah, Ahmad Erfanian","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.20","url":null,"abstract":"     Suppose that G is a finite group and S is a non-empty subset of G such that e∉S and S^(-1)⊆S. Suppose that Cay(G,S) is the Cayley graph whose vertices are all elements of G and two vertices x and y are adjacent if and only if xy^(-1)∈S. In this paper,we introduce the generalized Cayley graph denoted by Cay_m (G,S) that is a graph with vertex set consists of all column matrices X_m  which all components are in G and two vertices X_m  and Y_m  are adjacent if and only if X_m [(Y_m )^(-1) ]^t∈M(S), where 〖Y_m〗^(-1)  is a column matrix that each entry is the inverse of similar entry of Y_m  and M(S) is m×m matrix with all entries in S , [Y^(-1) ]^t  is the transpose of Y^(-1)  and m≥1. We aim to determine the structure of Cay_m (G,S) when G is the dihedral group of order 2n and | S |= 3 for every m≥2, n≥3.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"1982 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140416783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring the Expansion of Unplanned Urbanization and its Impact on Climate Change based on Google Earth Engine Service, a Case Study of Baghdad / Iraq","authors":"Noor Waleed, M. Al-Bakri","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.45","url":null,"abstract":"     The earth's surface comprises different kinds of land cover, water resources, and soil, which create environmental factors for varied animals, plants, and humans. Knowing the significant effects of land cover is crucial for long-term development, climate change modeling, and preserving ecosystems. In this research, the Google Earth Engine platform and freely available Landsat imagery were used to investigate the impact of the expansion and degradation in urbanized areas, watersheds, and vegetative cover on the land surface temperature in Baghdad from 2004 to 2021. Land cover indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index, and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDVI, NDWI, and NDBI) were determined to examine the effects of land cover changes. In addition, the land surface temperature was calculated to assess urbanization expansion's impact on Baghdad's climate warming. The results showed a drastic decrease in vegetative cover and green land, on the other hand, a significant expansion in urbanized areas. Hence, from 2004 to 2021, the urbanized areas and open land rose by 37% and 3%, respectively, while the vegetative cover decreased by 41%. The maximum land surface temperature has risen 4° C, and the minimum land surface temperature has risen 2.5°C.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"18 35","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Rotation and Inclined Magnetic Field on Walters' B Fluid in a Porous Medium using perturbation method or technique.","authors":"Zainab A. Jaafar, L. Hummady, M. Thawi","doi":"10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.19","url":null,"abstract":"     The peristaltic flow of Walter's B fluid through an asymmetric channel is analyzed. The constitutive equation for the balance of mass, momentum, trapped phenomena, and velocity distribution is modeled. Consideration of low Reynolds number and long wavelength assumption are used in the flow analysis to get an exact solution by using the perturbation method. The impact of impotent parameters on stream function and axial velocity has been gained. The set of figures is graphically analyzed of these parameters.","PeriodicalId":14698,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Science","volume":"8 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140409692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}