IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/inventions9010010

Fariborz Ahmadi, Omid Abedi, S. Emadi

{"title":"Enhancing Smart Agriculture Monitoring via Connectivity Management Scheme and Dynamic Clustering Strategy","authors":"Fariborz Ahmadi, Omid Abedi, S. Emadi","doi":"10.3390/inventions9010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010010","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of agriculture towards a modern, intelligent system is crucial for achieving sustainable development and ensuring food security. In this context, leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) stands as a pivotal strategy to enhance both crop quantity and quality while effectively managing natural resources such as water and fertilizer. Wireless sensor networks, the backbone of IoT-based smart agricultural infrastructure, gather ecosystem data and transmit them to sinks and drones. However, challenges persist, notably in network connectivity, energy consumption, and network lifetime, particularly when facing supernode and relay node failures. This paper introduces an innovative approach to address these challenges within heterogeneous wireless sensor network-based smart agriculture. The proposed solution comprises a novel connectivity management scheme and a dynamic clustering method facilitated by five distributed algorithms. The first and second algorithms focus on path collection, establishing connections between each node and m-supernodes via k-disjoint paths to ensure network robustness. The third and fourth algorithms provide sustained network connectivity during node and supernode failures by adjusting transmission powers and dynamically clustering agriculture sensors based on residual energy. In the fifth algorithm, an optimization algorithm is implemented on the dominating set problem to strategically position a subset of relay nodes as migration points for mobile supernodes to balance the network’s energy depletion. The suggested solution demonstrates superior performance in addressing connectivity, failure tolerance, load balancing, and network lifetime, ensuring optimal agricultural outcomes.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":"81 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139381540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Computer Vision Algorithm for Characterization of a Turbulent Gas–Liquid Jet 表征湍流气液射流的计算机视觉算法

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.3390/inventions9010009

I. Starodumov, Sergey Sokolov, Pavel Mikushin, M. Nikishina, Timofey Mityashin, Ksenia Makhaeva, F. Blyakhman, Dmitrii Chernushkin, I. Nizovtseva

{"title":"Computer Vision Algorithm for Characterization of a Turbulent Gas–Liquid Jet","authors":"I. Starodumov, Sergey Sokolov, Pavel Mikushin, M. Nikishina, Timofey Mityashin, Ksenia Makhaeva, F. Blyakhman, Dmitrii Chernushkin, I. Nizovtseva","doi":"10.3390/inventions9010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010009","url":null,"abstract":"A computer vision algorithm to determine the parameters of a two-phase turbulent jet of a water-gas mixture traveling at a velocity in the range of 5–10 m/s was developed in order to evaluate the hydrodynamic efficiency of mass exchange apparatuses in real time, as well as to predict the gas exchange rate. The algorithm is based on threshold segmentation, the active contours method, the regression of principal components method, and the comparison of feature overlays, which allows the stable determination of jet boundaries and is a more efficient method when working with low-quality data than traditional implementations of the Canny method. Based on high-speed video recordings of jets, the proposed algorithm allows the calculation of key characteristics of jets: the velocity, angle of incidence, structural density, etc. Both the algorithm’s description and a test application based on video recordings of a real jet created on an experimental prototype of a jet bioreactor are discussed. The results are compared with computational fluid dynamics modeling and theoretical predictions, and good agreement is demonstrated. The presented algorithm itself represents the basis for a real-time control system for aerator operation in jet bioreactors, as well as being used in laboratory jet stream installations for the accumulation of big data on the structure and dynamic properties of jets.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":"45 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139384877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Modified Xception Deep Learning Model for Automatic Sorting of Olives Based on Ripening Stages 基于成熟阶段自动分拣橄榄的改进型 Xception 深度学习模型

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.3390/inventions9010006

S. I. Saedi, Mehdi Rezaei

{"title":"A Modified Xception Deep Learning Model for Automatic Sorting of Olives Based on Ripening Stages","authors":"S. I. Saedi, Mehdi Rezaei","doi":"10.3390/inventions9010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010006","url":null,"abstract":"Olive fruits at different ripening stages give rise to various table olive products and oil qualities. Therefore, developing an efficient method for recognizing and sorting olive fruits based on their ripening stages can greatly facilitate post-harvest processing. This study introduces an automatic computer vision system that utilizes deep learning technology to classify the ‘Roghani’ Iranian olive cultivar into five ripening stages using color images. The developed model employs convolutional neural networks (CNN) and transfer learning based on the Xception architecture and ImageNet weights as the base network. The model was modified by adding some well-known CNN layers to the last layer. To minimize overfitting and enhance model generality, data augmentation techniques were employed. By considering different optimizers and two image sizes, four final candidate models were generated. These models were then compared in terms of loss and accuracy on the test dataset, classification performance (classification report and confusion matrix), and generality. All four candidates exhibited high accuracies ranging from 86.93% to 93.46% and comparable classification performance. In all models, at least one class was recognized with 100% accuracy. However, by taking into account the risk of overfitting in addition to the network stability, two models were discarded. Finally, a model with an image size of 224 × 224 and an SGD optimizer, which had a loss of 1.23 and an accuracy of 86.93%, was selected as the preferred option. The results of this study offer robust tools for automatic olive sorting systems, simplifying the differentiation of olives at various ripening levels for different post-harvest products.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":" 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139135823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Automatic Control and System Theory and Advanced Applications—Volume 2 自动控制与系统理论及高级应用-第 2 卷

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.3390/inventions9010005

Luigi Fortuna, A. Buscarino

引用次数: 0

Large-Scale BESS for Damping Frequency Oscillations of Power Systems with High Wind Power Penetration 大型 BESS 用于阻尼高风电渗透率电力系统的频率振荡

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.3390/inventions9010003

Shami Ahmad Assery, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Nan Chen

{"title":"Large-Scale BESS for Damping Frequency Oscillations of Power Systems with High Wind Power Penetration","authors":"Shami Ahmad Assery, Xiao-Ping Zhang, Nan Chen","doi":"10.3390/inventions9010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010003","url":null,"abstract":"With the high penetration of renewable energy into power grids, frequency stability and oscillation have become big concerns due to the reduced system inertia. The application of the Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is considered one of the options to deal with frequency stability and oscillation. This paper presents a strategy to size, locate, and operate the BESS within the power grid and, therefore, investigate how sizing capacity is related to renewable energy penetration levels. This paper proposes an identification method to determine the best location of the BESS using the Prony method based on system oscillation analysis, which is easy to implement based on measurements while actual physical system models are not required. The proposed methods for BESS size and location are applied using MATLAB/Simulink simulation software (version: R2023a) on the Kundur 2-area 11-bus test system with different renewable energy penetration levels, and the effectiveness of the applied method in enhancing frequency stability is illustrated in the study cases. The case studies showed a significant improvement in steady-state frequency deviation, frequency nadir, and ROCOF after implementing BESS at the selected bus. The integration of BESS can help to avoid Under-frequency Load Shedding (UFLS) by proper selections of size, location, and operating strategy of the BESS within the power grid.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":"100 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139157194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Approach for Using a Tensor-Based Method for Mobility-User Pattern Determining 基于张量的移动用户模式识别方法

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.3390/inventions9010001

I. Ashaev, Ildar A. Safiullin, Artur K. Gaysin, Adel F. Nadeev, Alexey A. Korobkov

{"title":"An Approach for Using a Tensor-Based Method for Mobility-User Pattern Determining","authors":"I. Ashaev, Ildar A. Safiullin, Artur K. Gaysin, Adel F. Nadeev, Alexey A. Korobkov","doi":"10.3390/inventions9010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010001","url":null,"abstract":"Modern mobile networks exhibit a complex heterogeneous structure. To enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) in these networks, intelligent control mechanisms should be implemented. These functions are based on the processing of large amounts of data and feature extraction. One such feature is information about user mobility. However, directly determining user mobility remains challenging. To address this issue, this study proposes an approach based on multi-linear data processing. The user mobility is proposed to determine, using the multi-linear data, about the changing of the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR). SINR varies individually for each user over time, relative to the network’s base stations. It is natural to represent these data as a tensor. A tensor-based preprocessing step employing Canonical Polyadic Decomposition (CPD) is proposed to extract user mobility information and reduce the data volume. In the next step, using the DBSCAN algorithm, users are clustered according to their mobility patterns. Subsequently, users are clustered based on their mobility patterns using the DBSCAN algorithm. The proposed approach is evaluated utilizing data from Network Simulator 3 (NS-3), which simulates a portion of the mobile network. The results of processing these data using the proposed method demonstrate superior performance in determining user mobility.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":"52 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138950938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development and Application of an Open Power Meter Suitable for NILM 适合 NILM 的开放式功率计的开发与应用

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.3390/inventions9010002

C. Rodríguez-Navarro, Francisco Portillo, Fernando Martínez, F. Manzano-Agugliaro, A. Alcayde

{"title":"Development and Application of an Open Power Meter Suitable for NILM","authors":"C. Rodríguez-Navarro, Francisco Portillo, Fernando Martínez, F. Manzano-Agugliaro, A. Alcayde","doi":"10.3390/inventions9010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9010002","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the global energy sector’s increasing reliance on fossil fuels and escalating environmental concerns, there is an urgent need for advancements in energy monitoring and optimization. Addressing this challenge, the present study introduces the Open Multi Power Meter, a novel open hardware solution designed for efficient and precise electrical measurements. This device is engineered around a single microcontroller architecture, featuring a comprehensive suite of measurement modules interconnected via an RS485 bus, which ensures high accuracy and scalability. A significant aspect of this development is the integration with the Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Toolkit, which utilizes advanced algorithms for energy disaggregation, including Combinatorial Optimization and the Finite Hidden Markov Model. Comparative analyses were performed using public datasets alongside commercial and open hardware monitors to validate the design and capabilities of this device. These studies demonstrate the device’s notable effectiveness, characterized by its simplicity, flexibility, and adaptability in various energy monitoring scenarios. The introduction of this cost-effective and scalable tool marks a contribution to the field of energy research, enhancing energy efficiency practices. This research provides a practical solution for energy management and opens advancements in the field, highlighting its potential impact on academic research and real-world applications.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138950305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of a Serrated Edge to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of a Backward-Facing Step on an Airfoil 评估用锯齿边减轻机翼后向台阶的不利影响

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.3390/inventions8060160

Real J. Kc, Trevor C. Wilson, Aaron S. Alexander, Jamey D. Jacob, Nicholas A. Lucido, B. Elbing

{"title":"Evaluation of a Serrated Edge to Mitigate the Adverse Effects of a Backward-Facing Step on an Airfoil","authors":"Real J. Kc, Trevor C. Wilson, Aaron S. Alexander, Jamey D. Jacob, Nicholas A. Lucido, B. Elbing","doi":"10.3390/inventions8060160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions8060160","url":null,"abstract":"Backward-facing steps are commonly formed on wings and blades due to misalignment between segments or the addition of protective films. A backward-facing step (BFS) is known to degrade the airfoil performance. To mitigate these adverse effects, a three-dimensional low-profile serrated pattern (termed sBFS) was applied downstream of a BFS on an LA203A profile airfoil. The model drag was determined from wake surveys using a traversing Pitot-static probe within a subsonic wind tunnel operating at a chord-based Reynolds number of 300,000. The airfoil spanned the wind tunnel width (914 mm) and had a 197 mm chord length. Four different sBFS configurations were tested, each formed by applying a 1 mm thick film around the model leading edge. In addition, a BFS at various chord locations and a clean wing (i.e., no film applied) were tested for reference. The sBFS was able to reduce the drag relative the BFS by up to 8–10%, though not outperforming the clean wing configuration. In addition, the wake surveys showed the sBFS produced strong coherent structures that persist into the far-wake region (five chord length downstream of the model) with a scale that was much larger than the step height. Additionally, a computational study was carried out to further examine the flow behavior on the airfoil that produced the coherent structures. This showed that fluid near the surface gets entrained towards the sBFS downstream tip of the sBFS, which creates the initial rotation of these coherent structures that persist into the far-wake region.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using Functionally Redundant Inertial Measurement Units to Increase Reliability and Ensure Fault Tolerance 使用功能冗余惯性测量单元提高可靠性并确保容错性

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.3390/inventions8060159

Ivan M. Kuznetsov, Konstantin K. Veremeenko, Maxim V. Zharkov, Andrey N. Pronkin

{"title":"Using Functionally Redundant Inertial Measurement Units to Increase Reliability and Ensure Fault Tolerance","authors":"Ivan M. Kuznetsov, Konstantin K. Veremeenko, Maxim V. Zharkov, Andrey N. Pronkin","doi":"10.3390/inventions8060159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions8060159","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to assess the possibility of using functionally redundant inertial units to solve problems of increasing reliability and ensuring the fault tolerance of the various classes and purposes of aircraft navigation systems. We present the results of studying failure detection methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of a strapdown functionally redundant inertial unit. The resulting structural redundancy of the strapdown inertial measurement unit is designed to increase the fault tolerance and accuracy of strapdown inertial navigation systems. The methods for detecting sensor failures in functionally redundant inertial units are based on the use of the equations of functionally redundant inertial unit compliance to nominal requirements for the accuracy of measuring the input action vector. To describe the methods for detecting and eliminating failed sensor and algorithm designs based on them, we gave the mathematical models of the measurement vector of functionally redundant inertial units concerning the measured vector and the error identification condition, including the residual of the matching equations with the size due to the level of redundancy, determining the total number of matching equations. The main criterion for determining a failed sensor is non-compliance with the nominal value of the residual included in a certain number of matching equations of the information received from such meters. The developed algorithms are examined using simulation methods. The study of the selected structure of the functionally redundant inertial units shows that the proposed approaches are efficient. Also, we manage to identify the main characteristics of the algorithms for detecting sensor failures that are structurally a part of the functionally redundant inertial units.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":"131 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Global Navigation Satellite System Spoofing Detection in Inertial Satellite Navigation Systems 惯性卫星导航系统中的全球导航卫星系统欺骗检测

IF 3.4

Inventions Pub Date : 2023-12-16 DOI: 10.3390/inventions8060158

Maxim V. Zharkov, Konstantin K. Veremeenko, Ivan M. Kuznetsov, A. Pronkin

{"title":"Global Navigation Satellite System Spoofing Detection in Inertial Satellite Navigation Systems","authors":"Maxim V. Zharkov, Konstantin K. Veremeenko, Ivan M. Kuznetsov, A. Pronkin","doi":"10.3390/inventions8060158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions8060158","url":null,"abstract":"The susceptibility of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) to interference significantly limits the possibility of their use. From the standpoint of possible consequences, the most dangerous interference is the so-called spoofing. Simultaneously, in most cases of GNSS use, an inertial navigation system (INS) or an attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) is also present on the board of mobile objects. In this regard, the research goal is to assess the possibility of detecting GNSS spoofing in inertial satellite navigation systems. This paper examines the method for detecting GNSS spoofing by combining a pair of commercially available GNSS receivers and antennas with an INS or AHRS. The method is based on a comparison of the double differences of GNSS carrier phase measurements performed by receivers under conditions of resolved integer ambiguity and the values of the range double differences predicted using an INS. GNSS carrier phase integer ambiguity can be resolved using a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) or AHRS data. The mathematical model of GNSS phase difference measurements and the SINS-predicted satellite range differences model are given. The proposed algorithm calculates the moving average of the residuals between the SINS-predicted satellite range double differences and the measured GNSS carrier phase double differences. The primary criterion for spoofing detection is the specified threshold excess of the moving average of the double difference residuals. Experimental studies are performed using simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation. The experimental results allow us to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed approach and estimate the potential characteristics of the spoofing detection algorithm based on it.","PeriodicalId":14564,"journal":{"name":"Inventions","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138967283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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