Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Renoprotective Effect of Lipoic Acid and Bosentan Against Diclofenac-Induced Acute Renal Failure","authors":"L. B. Qasim, G. A. Jasim, Ihsan Rabeea","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp274-282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp274-282","url":null,"abstract":"Acute renal failure also known as acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex health condition related to significant morbidity and mortality. In hospitalized patients, around 19-33 percent of AKI episodes are linked to drug induced nephrotoxicity. Although considered safe, NSAIDs such as diclofenac have gained special attention over the past few years due to the potential risk of renal injury. The direct effect of diclofenac-induced renal injury depends on targeting the mitochondria in kidney tissue, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress. Secondly, diclofenac inhibit renal prostaglandin production, limiting renal afferent arteriole vasodilation, increasing afferent resistance; thus decreasing the glomerular capillary pressure below normal values and glomerular filtration rate will decrease resulting in AKI. Alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA) has beneficial effects in prevention or relief of symptoms of oxidative stress- related diseases, as it acts as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory micronutrient. Bosentan is a competitive antagonist with dual endothelin-1 receptors, as renal vascular ET-1 system is upregulated under many pathophysiological situations. In present study, we investigated the effect of lipoic acid and bosentan in diclofenac induced acute renal failure in male rats. \u0000We observed that diclofenac increased serum levels of urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde, KIM-1, TGFβ1 and fibronectin significantly (p>0.05) in the induction group compared to control group. While, SOD significantly (p>0.05) reduced in the induction group compared to control group. Both of lipoic acid and bosentan alone didn’t significantly protect against diclofenac induced AKI. However, the combination group showed a significant protection against AKI. Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between (urea and KIM-1) and between (creatinine and KIM-1) (r2=0.792 and r2=0.677 respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between fibronectin and urea (r2= 0.498, p>0.01) and fibronectin and creatinine (r2=0.356, p>0.05). Interestingly, KIM-1 showed a significant positive correlation with fibronectin (r2=0.536, p>0.01). \u0000ROC curve test was performed for KIM-1 and fibronectin biomarkers. The AUC for KIM-1 was 0.986 and for fibronectin was 0.829. We concluded that combination therapy of lipoic acid and bosentan showed a significant protective effect against diclofenac-induced AKI. In addition, fibronectin could be a promising biomarker for detection and diagnosis of acute kidney injury. \u0000Key words: Diclofenac, oxidative stress, alpha- lipoic acid, endothelin-1, bosentan","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86755153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subchronic effect of different doses ofDiclofenac Sodium on female reproductive system in rats.","authors":"Bedoor A. Salim, Muhsin S.Ghalib, Ayob Jaccob, رودب ملاس سابع, ناسيم ةحص, ةحصلا ةرئاد","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp227-236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp227-236","url":null,"abstract":" NSAIDs are widely utilized drugs in today's world. These medications are well-known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The goal of this study was to suggest and explain the subchronic effects of low and high doses of diclofenac on female reproductive system in rats. A total of 24 female rats were divided into 4 groups, six rats in each. The first group was given distilled water as a control, the second and third groups were given diclofenac (1 mg/kg) and(5 mg/kg) respectively. The fourth group was given a combination of diclofenac and mefenamic acid for 35 days. Hormonal, biochemical, and hematological tests were performed.  Low dose diclofenac showed no significant change regarding PGE2, LH, progesterone, prolactin, and glutathione, but an increase in FSH, and decrease in estrogen compared to control group were documented. In contrast, high dose diclofenac alone or combined with mefenamic acid showed   significant impact on female reproductive system documented by biochemical and histopathological evaluations. At hematological levels diclofenac decrease RBC,HGB, and platelet account but no change in the total WBC were found. Sub-chronic use of DS alone or in combination with mefenamic acid  have a deleterious impact on the female reproductive system, oxidative stress and hematological parametersKeywords:NSAIDs, diclofenac sodium, female reproductive toxicity, hematologic.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74050233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Drug Prescription Pattern Using WHO Prescribing Indicators in Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Ahmed Atia, Nouran Gzllal, Malak Gharibe","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp266-273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp266-273","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims. The improper use of drugs due to irrational prescriptions is a common problem in Libya. This study aimed to investigate the prescribing pattern and predictors of antibiotic prescription in primary health care facilities in three districts (east, west, and south) in Libya. Methods. In this retrospective study, 484 prescriptions were examined. World Health Organization-recommended indicators for rational use were examined (WHO): e.g., the percentage of prescriptions covering antibiotics, prescription of injections, and prescription of drugs by a generic name and from a national essential drug list, as well as the average number of drugs per prescription, were all considered. Results. The average number of drugs per prescription was 4.72, with a maximum of 7 drugs in a prescription, and the percentage of prescriptions involving antibiotics and injections was 30.4% and 10.5%, respectively. There were 28.6% drugs prescribed by their generic name and 82.8% were retrieved from the essential drugs list. The most common category of medicines were 18.9% antibiotics, 18.3% antihypertensives, and 15.7% multivitamins and minerals. While the lowest consumed drugs were steroids 2.5%. Conclusion. There was some irrational drug prescribing, particularly with regard to injections and antibiotics. It is suggested that physicians participate in continuing education programs on rational prescribing for various medical indications.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":" 1157","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91409292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Benefits of Using Mobile Application (diarrhea management step by step) in the Management of Diarrhea by Community Pharmacists","authors":"Mikhael Mudher Ehab, ينادمحلا بوقعي, دمحم يلع, .قارعلا .يلديصلا رود .لاهسلاا . لاقنلا فتاهلل, قيبطت","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp245-256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp245-256","url":null,"abstract":"Diarrhea is one of the most commonly encountered minor ailments in the community pharmacies. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the majority of pharmacists in Iraq did not manage diarrheal cases in a proper way. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the benefit of a new mobile application (diarrhea management step by step) to improve the pharmacist's role in the management of diarrhea. The study was conducted from 21th September to 21th October 2021 using a pre-post design via a simulated patient (SP) technique. A validated diarrhea scenario was presented to each pharmacist by the SP twice, once before and the other after giving the mobile application to the pharmacist. Furthermore, pharmacists were asked to rate the application in regard to its ease of use, reducing the time needed for management of diarrhea cases, reducing diagnostic errors, reducing  medication errors, and applicability in daily clinical practice. The study sample involved 50 community pharmacists. However, only 47 completed the study. After using the application, all questions necessary to assess diarrhea were significantly improved. Moreover, the average number of questions asked to the SP was significantly increased. On the other hand, providing the SP with an appropriate non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment was also significantly improved. Additionally, counseling the SP with the necessary information about dispensed medication was improved; however, significant improvement was detected only in regard to information about the drug dose and dosing frequency. Most participated pharmacists strongly agreed with the application ease of use, its ability to reduce diagnosis and medication errors, and its applicability for use in daily clinical practice.  In conclusion the tested application is an effective method to improve the pharmacist's role in the assessment and management of diarrhea.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78446205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Citrus Bergamot Extract on Hemato- Biochemical, Inflammatory and Oxidative stress Parameters Induced by Acute Amikacin Toxicity in male Albino Rats","authors":"Ausama Ayob Jaccob, Fatima F. Dari, Muhsin S.G. AL-Moziel","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp219-226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp219-226","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000  \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000One of the most efficient aminoglycoside is amikacin. Yet, it has been linked to unwanted renal toxicity, which has resulted in negative alterations in various biochemical indicators, particularly those related to oxidative stress, kidney function, and inflammation. The goal of this research was to see how citrus bergamot extract affected hemato-biochemical, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters in male rats triggered by acute amikacin toxicity.A total of 30 male rats were divided into five equal groups, each with six rats. The first group received 1 ml DW orally and its represent control group. Group 1 was given 1 ml of DW orally and I.P. AK (1.2 gm/kg) on day seven. Group 2 was given 100 mg/kg CBE orally for ten days. Groups (3) and (4) were given 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of CBE, respectively, orally for ten days. On the seventh day of the experiments, I.P. AK (1.2 gm/kg) was given to the test groups. At the end of the trial, blood samples were used to assess oxidative stress, renal function, inflammatory markers, and some hemato-biochemical parameters.Significantly higher levels of serum MDA, IL-6, urea, and creatinine, and an adversely affect lipid profile, are indications of AK-induced nephrotoxicity. Supplementation of CBE attenuated AK-induced change in these biomarkers.It was concluded that CBE supplementation protects against the nephrotoxic effects of AK because to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipemic properties.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88752514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Certain Hematological Indices and Interlukin-6 in Workers and Individuals Who Live Near to Crude Oil Wells in Middle Petroleum","authors":"Mariam Alghara, A. Jaccob, Azza.Sajid, Jabbar, ةرغلا ضاير, و رابج دجاس ةزع, ،ةئيبلاو ةحصلا ةرازو, قارعلا ،ىنثملا","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp237-244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp237-244","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental exposures to a variety of pollutant elements especially fuel waste products may result in harmful impacts on several physiological systems. The inflammatory response and the hematological system are the major affected systems. The aim of the study is to reveal the impact of oil exposure on several hematological parameters and IL-6 of oil workers and to detect which parameters are more affected as prognosticators for clinical disorders. This study included three groups, 50 persons in each. Control group; Group1 workers at oil wells; and Group2 who live close to oil wells. Physical parameters, serum interleukin 6 , random blood glucose , hematological parameters are measured. Significant rise in pulse rate, serum interleukin 6 and RBG were documented in workers. Hematological parameters were adversely affected by air pollution . We found a significant rise in platelet count in Group 1 patients . The correlation between IL-6 and certain hematological indices revealed that each of WBC and platelets were significantly correlated to IL-6. In conclusion People work or lived close to oil wells area showed alterations in hematological and inflammatory parameters may be related to continuous exposure to petrol fumes, which also results in a considerable increase in interleukin-6. \u0000Keyword:Oil wells, hematological indices, interleukin 6.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74002876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study anti-inflammatory effect of Tamsulosin in rat by evaluation IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α: airway model.","authors":"Hala Alabdali, M. Algaem","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp275-281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp275-281","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Inflammatory airway disease is a well-known worldwide health problem. Available medication is accompanied by dangerous side effects and only provides temporary symptom control. Aim: To investigate the effect of tamsulosin, on the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α that are associated with airway inflammation. Method: male, albino rats (n=30), weighing (150-250 gm) were allocated into (5) groups, each group with (6) rats; Group A: normal control group, rats were given distilled water for 14 days. Group B: negative control group, rats exposed to airway sensitization only. Group C: positive control group, treated with prednisolone (4.12mg/kg/d) orally plus airway sensitization. Group D: treated control group with tamsulosin (35 mcg/kg/d) orally plus airway sensitization. Group E: treated control group with tamsulosin (17.5 mcg/kg/d) orally plus airway sensitization. Measurement of inflammatory cytokines IL- 4, IL-6, and TNF-αin serum samples by ELISA. Results: there was a significant reduction (P-value<0.05) of IL- 4 and TNF-α in serum for tamsulosin treated group (D) and group (E) when compared with the positive control group (B). But only group(D) 35mcg/kg/d tamsulosin showed significant reduction(P-value<0.05) in IL-6 level when compared with positive control group (B). Conclusion: Tamsulosin has an anti-inflammatory effect by reduction of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in the rat airway model.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80110788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) on climacteric symptoms and clinical parameters in post-menopausal women","authors":"Kawa Dizaye, Dereen Adeeb Alchalabi ,, B. Marouf","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp257-265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp257-265","url":null,"abstract":"Menopause is the irreversible and permanent cessation of menstruation after one year of amenorrhea. Common symptoms include vaginal dryness, hot flashes, night sweating, and bone pain. Traditionally Linum usitatissimum (Flaxseeds) has been used for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms. However, the effect of this medicinal herb on the satiety hormone; leptin and body weight in menopausal women has not been elucidated well.  This study was designed to evaluate the effect of flaxseeds on serum estrogen, progesterone, leptin, and malondialdehyde, body mass index, blood pressure in menopausal women. Moreover, the flaxseed effect on climacteric symptoms was also investigated. \u0000The study was carried out as an interventional pre-post design. The study was a six-week oral administration of 1000 mg flaxseed powder twice daily by menopausal women. The duration of the study was eight months. Serum levels of estrogen, progesterone, and leptin hormones as well as total plasma malondialdehyde were determined pre-and-post flaxseed intervention. Clinical symptoms and bothersome complaints of postmenopausal women such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, bone pain, and night sweating were also evaluated. Furthermore, blood pressure elements and body mass index were also measured. The results showed that Linum usitatissimum seed powder significantly reduced vaginal dryness, hot flashes, bone pain, and night sweating in menopausal women. The same dose of flaxseed had no significant effects on serum estrogen and progesterone. However, it significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde and increased serum leptin. Flaxseed had a non-significant effect on body mass index and blood pressure. In conclusion Linum usitatissimum seed had significant efficacy in relieving vasomotor symptoms, decreasing oxidative stress, and increasing serum levels of leptin in menopausal women. \u0000Keywords: climacteric, estrogen, progesterone, leptin, malondialdehyde.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91227711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical sales and marketing as a future career for pharmacy students in Iraq: perception and barriers","authors":"Ahmad Al-Jalehawi, M. Al-Rekabi, F. Hashim","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp177-184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp177-184","url":null,"abstract":" The exposure of pharmacy students to fieldwork experience throughout the early stages of their education would assist prepare them for their future career. Many students feel working in community pharmacies does not give a profitable wage when compared to other opportunities. which might influence them to choose the promotional pharmaceutical field. This study aims to examine students' perceptions of the pharmaceutical promotional sector as a potential future profession as well as the obstacles they face. This is a cross-sectional study targeting students of pharmacy in Iraq through an online questionnaire to assess students' perceptions. The perceptions were evaluated to determine the influencing factors. The greatest percentage of students work for improving their skills and for saving money for the future. Concerning the barriers that students face in pursuing a career in pharmaceutical marketing, the existence of unethical actions, as well as a lack of needed skills and knowledge, were cited as barriers by a greater percentage of respondents. In conclusion, generally, there is a favorable view of working in this industry and there is an apparent need for colleges to focus more on the aspects of this career.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"7 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80623462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness and Frequency of using Lifestyle Medications among University Students in Kurdistan Region-Iraq","authors":"B. Marouf, Ahmed Ghafour Hama Saeed, Z. Othman, Sima Karim, Sava Gharib, Roya Ahmed","doi":"10.31351/vol32iss1pp185-193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31351/vol32iss1pp185-193","url":null,"abstract":"Life style medications (LSMs) are used for improvement of lifestyle of an individual. These drugs are being taken to modify a non-medical or non-health-related purpose. This study aimed to investigate the extent of use of LSMs among university students, motives for using them, and identify the types, adverse effects to provide helpful information for justification and prevention of this phenomenon. A descriptive observational cross-sectional study was conducted. A questionnaire was designed to target undergraduate medical and pharmacy students at the three universities of Sulaimani (UOS), Hawler Medical University (HMU), and University of Duhok (UOD) in Sulaimani, Hawler, and Duhok Cities-Kurdistan Region-Iraq respectively. Student knowledge, awareness of the use of LSMs, motives for using these medications were assessed by addressing these issues in different sections of the questionnaires. Number of respondents was 209. Number of students who were using LSMs was 149 (71.3%) while 60 (28.7%) was not using LSMs at all. The source of information on LSMs among those who had aware of using LSMs was advertisement 25(12%), family 28(13.4%), friends 51(24.4%), medical needs 51(24.4%), internet 115(55%) and pharmacy 4(1.9%). The most frequent agent that has been used by the highest number of the students was caffeine 71(47.7%), followed by dietary supplement 63(42.3%) then cosmetics 48(32.2%). 135 (64.6%) students did not agree on the prevention of the use of LSMs, while the rest 74 (35.4%) encouraged the prevention of LSMs intake by providing many strategies to prevent this phenomenon. In conclusion, prevalence of using LSMs among university students is high and tendency for medicalization of healthy individuals in the aim of better academic performance and improve quality of life is increasing. The prevention of LSMs intake by providing many strategies to prevent this phenomenon was raised by 74 (35.4%) of the participants.","PeriodicalId":14509,"journal":{"name":"Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512)","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77615452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}