International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings最新文献

{"title":"The Marine Salvage Industry: Proven in Preventing Oil Spills","authors":"J. Elliott","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684710","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The marine salvage industry plays a vital role in protecting the marine environment. Governments, industry and the public, worldwide, now place environmental protection as the driving objective, second only to the safety of life, during a marine casualty response operation. Recognizing over 20 years after the passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 that the effectiveness of mechanical on-water oil recovery remains at only about 10 to 25 percent while the international salvage industry annually prevents over a million tons of pollutants from reaching the world's oceans, ten years ago the United States began implementing a series of comprehensive salvage and marine firefighting regulations in an effort to improve the nation's environmental protection regime. These regulations specify desired response timeframes for emergency salvage services, contractual requirements, and criteria for evaluating the adequacy of a salvage and marine firefighting service provider. In addition to this effort to prevent surface oil spills, in 2016, the U.S. Coast Guard also recognized the salvage industries advancements in removing oil from sunken ships and recovering submerged pollutants, issuing Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) classification standards for companies that have the capabilities to effectively respond to non-floating oils. Ten years after the implementation of the U.S. salvage and marine firefighting regulatory framework, this paper will review the implementation of the U.S. salvage and marine firefighting regulations and non-floating oil detection and recovery requirements; analyze the impacts and effectiveness of these new policies; and present several case studies and recommendations to further enhance salvage and oil spill response effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83926735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hurricane Irma–Displaced Vessel and Spill Response at Naval Air Station Key West","authors":"H. Parker, J. Baxter, C. Murray","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141526","url":null,"abstract":"On the evening of 09–10 September 2017, the Florida Keys were pummeled by Hurricane Irma - a Category 4 storm that was the fifth-costliest hurricane to hit mainland United States, causing an estimated $50 billion in damages, and 34 lives lost in Florida alone.\u0000 In the Keys, approximately 1350 boats were destroyed or damaged, and approximately 2000 boats were removed from the waters and shorelines from a Unified Command (UC) comprised of U.S. Coast Guard, EPA and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission funded from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), under an ESF10 Mission Assignment to remove those vessels displaced from the storm where they had sunk, submerged, or been stranded along the shoreline.\u0000 On September 28, 2017, the UC decided that boats that were on federal property were the responsibility of that agency to manage, and furthermore, since each of these boats had batteries and in most cases fuel on board they posed an immediate hazardous substance and/or oil spill threat, so requested that Navy undertake operations immediately as the lead FOSC to address each of the vessels sunk, submerged, stranded or otherwise displaced on Navy property in the Key West area.\u0000 On October 1, 2017, the Navy On-Scene Coordinator Representative (NOSC-R) from Navy Region Southeast (NRSE) deployed to Naval Air Station Key West (NASKW) to manage the response. Once adequate funds were identified and secured, NRSE contracted Navy Supervisor of Salvage (SUPSALV), who quickly arrived on-scene with a contracted private salvor.\u0000 Operations fell into several stages: locating each vessel on NASKW property and determining its condition; identifying each owner/representative; retrieval and temporary storage of each vessel or its remains on Navy property; contacting vessel owners/representatives to making arrangements for owner or insurance company to retrieve the vessel, or surrender it to Navy custody for final destruction at Navy's expense.\u0000 A number of challenges arose during this response: finding adequate funds at the end of a fiscal year for an un-programmed multi-million dollar project; identifying owners and contact information; negotiating final disposition of each vessel; allowing owners access to vessels stored on Navy property.\u0000 After 9 weeks of vessel location and identification, and owner notifications, 15 vessels were retrieved by owners, 13 vessels were towed away or otherwise removed by owner insurance companies, and 52 were barged off to a boatyard for final destruction at Navy's expense. In total, $3M was spent by Navy for this operation.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87280989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Building an Elite Force of Spill Responders in a World with Few Spill Response Opportunities","authors":"Joe C. Bowles, Carmine Dulisse","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.711543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.711543","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the performance of Industry improves and spills decrease, SMTs, OSROs, Regulators, and Oil and Gas Operators are all facing a lack of direct experience and knowledge when it comes to spill response. The recruiting and grooming of elite Responders for a large response organization is further challenged by a tight labor market that is increasingly occupied by a generation that demands accelerated advancement and growth. The Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC) is taking a new approach to identify, develop and retain Responder competencies and proficiencies, and to offer a career/development path in the absence of actual incidents.\u0000 The first element of this program provides a clear path for professional growth to satisfy the growing desire for advancement by replacing a time-based promotion system with one that is focused on performance. The second element requires a consistent methodology and framework of evaluation to ensure employees in a nationwide organization are measured and evaluated using the same standards. Replacing the focus on hard skills with soft skills during talent acquisition “fit factor” when hiring new Responders sets the tone for growth. The hard skills are easier to teach and develop, while soft skills like learning curiosity, collaboration, effective communication, problem solving, and decision making are the differentiators that shape an elite Responder.\u0000 Removing the emphasis on spill experience and replacing it with well-defined competency models that define abilities which can be demonstrated outside of spill incidents is essential to fostering professional growth in a Responder. These competencies include the technical skills that are required by each position and emphasize leadership abilities, teamwork, and commitment. Metrics and expectations must be defined at the right level of detail to provide Responders with the opportunity during steady state operations to demonstrate abilities in a variety of scenarios that mirror those needed in spill response.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74496232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of long term natural weathering on oil composition: study of the 41-years-old Amoco Cadiz and 20-years-old Erika oil spills","authors":"R. Jézéquel, J. Guyomarch, J. Receveur, S. Le Floch","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141297","url":null,"abstract":"On 16 March 1978, the oil tanker the Amoco Cadiz, transporting 223,000 tons of crude oil and 4,000 tons of bunker fuel oil, suffered a failure of her steering mechanism and ran aground on Portsall Rocks, on the Breton coast. The entire cargo spilled out as the breakers split the vessel in two, progressively polluting 360 km of French shoreline from Brest to Saint Brieuc. This was the largest oil spill caused by a tanker grounding ever recorded in the world. The consequences of this accident were significant, and it caused the French Government to revise its oil response plan (the Polmar Plan), to acquire equipment stocks (Polmar stockpiles), to impose traffic lanes in the Channel and to create Cedre.\u0000 On 12 December 1999, the tanker Erika broke up and sank off the coast of Brittany (France) leading to the spill of 20,000 tons of a heavy fuel oil. 400 km of the French Atlantic coastline were polluted. Because of the characteristics of the oil (a very heavy fuel oil with a high content of light cracking oil) and the severe weather conditions (a centennial storm with spring tides) when the oil came on shore, the Erika spill was one of the most severe accidental releases of oil along the French coastlines. All types of habitat were concerned, and pollution reached the supratidal zone affecting terrestrial vegetation and lichens.\u0000 In 2019, respectively 41 years and 20 years after these major oil spills affecting the French shoreline, a sampling round was conducted at two sites recorded to present some residual traces of oil. Samples of weathered oil were collected, extracted with methylene chloride and then purified through an alumina-silica microcolumn. SARA fractionation and GC-MS analyses were performed in order to assess respectively the total degradation of the weathered oil (amount of saturates, aromatics and polar fraction) and the specific degradation of nalkanes from n-C9 to n-C40, biomarkers (such as terpanes, hopanes and steranes) and PAHs (parents and alkylated derivatives).","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74130606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cybersecurity in Oil Storage and Transportation","authors":"C. Klarmann","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689171","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Cyber threats to the oil and gas industry have been existent in one form or another for as long as computing and networking systems have utilized to increase the efficiency of production and transportation operations. The number of systems that are utilizing internet-connected technology to aid the industry has risen dramatically over the past 20 years, seeing use on exploration, management of production systems, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and supply chain management. As the number of available exploits and attacks against these systems increases over time, it is more necessary than ever to ensure that cybersecurity is in facility and vessel plans. Incorporating cybersecurity measures into the existing security framework will be critical to ensuring that malicious actors do not impact communities and the environment through destructive attacks upon production and transportation. This paper will provide a look at the impact cyberattacks may have on the safe production, storage, and transportation of oil, as well as provide insight as to what industry standards and legal proposals exist to ensure that industry partners are operating securely throughout the US.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"71 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77304528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response Guide: Understanding Underwater Electric Transmission Line Dielectric Oil Leaks","authors":"Ann B Cormier","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688625","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Addressing the underwater dielectric fluid leaks, this paper presents case studies and recommendations based on extensive response actions. Dielectric fluid leaks that occur underwater are significantly more challenging due to their dispersing properties in water which make these spills significantly more difficult to assess and cleanup. After distilling information from past case studies, it was determined that the success of a dielectric spill response depends on three variables: the amount of time until completion, damage to natural resources, and the cost.\u0000 Although every incident poses its unique challenges and variables, this research highlights overarching best practices that can be applied to future spills. The analysis focuses on notification, discovery methods, sampling strategy, potential toxicity, effective clean-up strategies, and clean-up endpoints. The research concludes by acknowledging that these spills will be reoccurring until upgrades and increased maintenance is completed on aging U.S. electrical infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77475568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Oil Spill Remote Sensing and Autonomous Monitoring","authors":"D. Chenault, Justin P. Vaden","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141680","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Pyxis camera is a polarized thermal infrared sensor that provides area detection at all times of day in a variety of conditions. It exploits the difference in oil and water material properties rather than temperature differences and is therefore far more robust for detection and false alarm rejection. It is small and has been integrated with drones, mounted at fixed sites, and used as a handheld for spill detection and monitoring. Pyxis has been tested extensively at Ohmsett and successfully demonstrated for oil detection at the MC20 site and at Santa Barbara in both manned and unmanned aircraft.\u0000 Pyxis has now been integrated into the Polarization Oil Detection System (PODS) for autonomous oil spill detection and monitoring. PODS essentially operates as a web camera and continuously monitors the user defined area for oil entering the scene while adapting to changing environmental conditions. PODS is well-suited for monitoring fixed sites at processing or transfer points, unmanned rigs and platforms, and along waterways and pipelines.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76135309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incident Command Futurism","authors":"J. Gravenmier, G. McGowan","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684446","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The availability of integrated remote sensing platforms and digital data collection and sharing tools is changing spill response. These tools facilitate a more effective and rapid decision-making process that can increase resource protection, improve responder safety, and reduce response costs. Early detection and response are a key to preventing smaller incidents from becoming larger. A variety of innovative tools now exist or are in development that could assist facilities and responders in the early stages and throughout an incident event to reduce human, environmental, and economic impacts. Real time field data collection for key parameters such as oil thickness and trajectory, SCAT data, oiled wildlife details, and resources at risk identification, allows for more robust data to be shared rapidly throughout the response operation. This information facilitates more effectively targeted deployment and re-deployment of human and mechanical response assets, and more immediate assessment of both environmental impacts and cleanup progress. Auto-population of incident command system forms as well as better document sharing and document retention through remote and cloud-based file saving platforms can improve the administrative and functional aspects of the response, contributing to enhanced efficiency. The ability to identify and effectively respond to rapidly changing circumstances provides the Unified Command with new tools to make better decisions and keep the public informed of progress. This paper considers new and emerging technologies as they may be applied to the work in a unified command setting, and how they may allow us to compress the operational period for decision-making and action, more accurately and more rapidly understand and share the spill response status, and how we may be able to enhance responder safety and recognize cost savings. We also consider some inherent risks associated with reliance on integrated technologies and digital information and will offer suggestions for drills and exercises to test and optimize these tools.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76103907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Response Options in the Context of Historical Weather – Mapping a Methodology","authors":"Sierra Fletcher, Tim L. Robertson, B. Higman, Hans Petter Dahlslett, Ø. Aarnes","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141649","url":null,"abstract":"• Gaps in observational data coverage • Multiple years of consistently sourced data are preferred; but not always available • Datasets must have consistent timescale and geographic coverage • A changing climate begs the question of how many years of past data are relevant to planning for the future and/or the need for periodic updates Determining response limitations requires identifying the response systems of interest, including general specifications regarding the equipment used and the response platform (vessel or aircraft).","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82454589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Global Industry Response Capability for Source Control","authors":"Mitch Guinn, C. Castille","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688651","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Within a two-year period from 2009 through 2010, two major loss of containment incidents were experienced by the industry - Montara and Deepwater Horizon/Macondo. The reputation of the industry and its ability to self-regulate were questioned. Proposing a relief well as the primary recovery option was challenged, and after the failures of initial recovery efforts at Macondo, the US Dept. of Interior imposed a drilling moratorium to allow for the development of more effective response technologies. Several operator-led initiatives were commissioned: ExxonMobil initiated the establishment of the Marine Well Containment Company (MWCC) with Shell, Chevron and ConocoPhillips as founding members. MWCC was initially configured for large companies with multi-disciplined resources to support a full-scale response.Noble Energy and other operators, together with Helix Energy Solution Group (HESG), established an alternate option to MWCC that was built around the mutual aid model. Helix Well Containment Group (HWCG, and later just HWCG, LLC) was better adapted to the needs of small to mid-sized companies.The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP) established the Global Industry Response Group (GIRG), consisting of its worldwide membership of oil and gas producers, and tasked it with developing a plan to address the response deficiencies discovered during the Macondo incident. The initial GIRG report (May 2011) launched the Subsea Well Response Project (SWRP), which was charged with developing a design basis for subsea capping and containment systems.The GIRG report also founded the Wells Experts Committee and its Subsea Well Source Control Response Sub-committee which now acts as an industry center for knowledge and sharing.The SWRP was founded and led by nine of the world's largest oil & gas operators and upon project completion, Oil Spill Response, Ltd. (OSRL), was selected to manage the capping and containment equipment.In addition, some operators and multiple well control organizations developed a variety of additional capping stacks and debris removal equipment packages.\u0000 During development, response equipment and systems were risk-assessed and tested via tabletop exercises. Knowledge was shared across the industry, and as the new equipment packages became physically available, a range of full-scale exercises were conducted which included physically loading aircraft and vessels and deploying equipment on abandoned wells.\u0000 This paper steps back through the careful forethought in the development of these systems and shares some insights and strategic thinking behind the rationale of different response options and how they are strategically located to provide a global response.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81429906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}