Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology最新文献

{"title":"ARCHIE: An Automated Data Collection Method for Physical Prototyping Efforts in Authentic Design Situations","authors":"Jacob Nelson, Andrew Berlin, Jessica Menold","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-97444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97444","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Effective data collection can be one of the most challenging aspects of engineering design research. Design projects often occur over periods of weeks, months, or years, making continuous data collection a time-intensive task. Further, interrupting the design process to collect data can be intrusive and disrupt the flow of design. ARCHIE is a system designed to take photos of designers’ physical prototypes, link them to designer perceptions of the design, and maintain a record of design evolution over time. This device will allow researchers to collect data on physical prototyping efforts in design environments without researcher intervention, reducing the burden of data collection in authentic design settings. The device provides designers with an easier way to document physical prototyping efforts and record the evolution of their design with photos and descriptions and promises to allow for researchers to leverage machine learning to automatically analyze aspects of the prototype such as geometric complexity or material choice by facilitating the creation of databases of design artifacts. This work describes the rationale, method, implementation, and testing of ARCHIE using student design projects.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124546911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-Inspired Human Network Design: A Multi-Currency Robustness Metric Inspired by Ecological Network Analysis","authors":"Abheek Chatterjee, A. Layton","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-98235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98235","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) metric ecological robustness quantifies the unique balance that biological food webs have between their pathway efficiency and redundancy, enabling them to maximize their robustness to system disturbances. This robustness is a potentially desirable quality for human systems to mimic. Modeling the interactions between actors in human networks as predator-prey type exchanges (of a medium or currency rather than caloric exchanges) enables an ENA analysis. ENA has been shown to be a useful tool in improving the design of human networks because it allows the characteristics of biological networks to be mimicked. The application of these metrics is, however, limited to networks with only one flow type. Human networks are composed of many different types of flow interactions and thus a biologically-inspired indicator of total system robustness must take into account all of these interactions. This work further develops the traditional ENA ecological robustness metric to accommodate various flows between actors in multi-currency human networks. Two novel methods for quantifying multi-currency flow network robustness are introduced. The mathematical formulation for these new metrics is presented. The water network for the Kalundborg Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) is used as a case study to determine the benefits of the proposed robustness metrics. The results obtained using the single-currency robustness and the two multi-currency robustness metrics are compared using the case study. Based on the analysis of the results obtained at the system level, as well as at the sub-levels, both multi-currency metrics showed the ability to predict systems characteristics for the multi-currency Kalundborg EIP. While both of these are promising, more research regarding these metrics is needed in order to develop an elegant and comprehensive total system robustness metric.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129463045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Prototyping Methods to Design Human Centered Products of High and Low Level Human Interactions","authors":"Salman Ahmed, Lukman Irshad, H. Demirel","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-98450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98450","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Incorporating human factors engineering guidelines early in design has the potential to reduce the cost and product lead-time to market. Also, products that go through strict ergonomics assessments are associated with better comfort and safety ratings. However, designers are often caught in the dilemma of what prototyping method to use when assessing product ergonomics early in design. This is especially problematic during the conceptual design phase before the physical prototypes are available or built. In this research, we explore the computational prototyping dilemma for early design ergonomics assessments from both fidelity and human-product interaction perspectives. In this paper, three computational prototypes with different fidelity levels (low, medium-, and high-fidelity) are compared in their adequacy for evaluating designs that comprise low- to high-levels of human-product interactions. We used three computational prototyping strategies: (1) Method #1 is a low-fidelity methodology based a digital sketchpad tool; (2) Method #2 is a medium-fidelity methodology consisted of computer-aided design and digital human modeling; and, (3) Method #3 is a high-fidelity methodology composed of computer-aided design, digital human modeling, and surrogate modeling. In order to perform computational ergonomics analyses using above approach, we selected a generic wall mounted cabinet design and a simplified Boeing 767 cockpit model as case studies to illustrate designs that require low- and high-levels of human-product interactions. Our preliminary results show that low-, medium- and high-level prototyping strategies produce similar ergonomics outcomes when evaluating low-level human-computer interaction (e.g., cabinet model). On the other hand, both low- and medium-fidelity (Method #1 and Method #2) prototyping strategies are limited in terms of providing detailed information about human performance when compared to high-fidelity prototyping (Method #3) in evaluating designs with high-level human-computer interaction (e.g., cockpit model).","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130639484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting Measures of Rarity and Novelty: Investigating Correlations Between Relative Infrequency and Perceived Ratings","authors":"M. Weaver, Benjamin W. Caldwell, Vicki Sheafer","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-97828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97828","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Central to the struggle in design ideation research is the quantification of abstract and qualitative measures. Among these measures, creativity, originality, and novelty are some of the most subjective and generally disagreed upon constructs. In recent years in the design community, novelty has primarily been measured with two distinct styles of metrics: relative infrequency and perceived ratings. Relative infrequency captures how rare an idea is within an idea set for an objective representation of novelty, while ratings quantify the perceptions of appropriate judges for an intuitive understanding of novelty. This paper investigates the convergent validity between these two styles through the implementation of three previously published methods. Moderate convergent validity is shown between a measure of relative infrequency and perceived ratings leading to clear and meaningful recommendations for metrics in future research. However, the degree of disagreement warrants differentiation between the two styles regarding terminology and analysis. This study will aid in the research and interpretation of future studies of creativity in ideation.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126457412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing Vulnerability: How Resource Scarcity Hinders Team Coordination During Manufacturing in Nigerian Factories","authors":"Abisola Kusimo, S. Sheppard","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-97820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97820","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The purpose of this research is to learn how less-skilled workers (LSWs) and highly-skilled workers (HSWs) coordinate in Nigerian factories, where the formal education gap between these two groups can be quite significant. The study takes place in two factories and two universities across four Nigerian states over the summer of 2018. Drawing on methods of ethnography (i.e. a collection of qualitative methods to closely observe social interactions and practices as to interpret and build theory), it was discovered that resource scarcity hinders team coordination through the occurrence of four obstacles: (1) unclear role boundaries and work processes, (2) poor attitude towards work, (3) under- and overutilization of employees, and (4) worker demoralization and feelings of being undervalued. This paper builds upon previous work on factory coordination in cross-occupational functional groups in Silicon Valley. Theoretically, this paper reveals how the studied manufacturing firms in Nigeria currently perform team coordination and the challenges that prevent them from reaching high efficiency. Additionally, it offers premises for future field experiments to test the generalizability of the findings and interventions to enhance coordination effectiveness and the product development process in Sub-Saharan African manufacturing firms. Implications for the literature on engineering for global development is discussed. Ultimately, this research is a small step towards enabling independent African firms to have the skills, tools, and resources to design and create their own unique solutions for challenges faced in-country.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127007710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Extreme User Approach to Identify Latent Needs: Adaptation and Application in Medical Device Design","authors":"Sujithra Raviselvam, Karupppasamy Subburaj, K. Wood, Katja Hölttä-Otto","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-98266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98266","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The perspectives of users who experience any form of physical or cognitive challenges have the potential to capture the latent design needs of the general population of users. These ‘extreme user perspectives’ are some of the extreme conditions that could influence the users’ experience with a design. This study applies a systematic approach that provides a step by step guidance to select the appropriate extreme user perspectives during the initial stages of a design process. This systematic approach is applied to identify the latent needs associated with six different medical devices. This research leverages the potential of simulated extreme user perspectives to amplify designers’ abilities to identify latent unarticulated needs through an empathic experience. The extreme user perspectives in this study are derived from user Activity Diagrams that represent the user interactions associated with the corresponding medical devices. A latency metric is introduced and evaluated for its potential to identify the latent needs. Six teams from a Healthcare Product Design course with 25 participants were involved in the study. Results demonstrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed systematic approach to capture the latent needs associated with all six devices. The potential applications of the proposed latency metric are discussed for future applications.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134249672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Design Neurocognition of Mechanical Engineers When Designing and Problem-Solving","authors":"Sónia da Silva Vieira, J. Gero, J. Delmoral, V. Gattol, Carlos Fernandes, M. Parente, A. Fernandes","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-97838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97838","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents results from an experiment to determine brain activation differences between problem-solving and designing of mechanical engineers. The study is part of a research project whose goal is to correlate design cognition with brain behavior across design domains. The study adopted and extended the tasks described in a fMRI study of design cognition and measured brain activation using EEG. By taking the advantage of EEG’s temporal resolution we focus on time-related neural responses during problem-solving compared to design tasks. Statistical analyses indicate increased activation when designing compared to problem-solving. Results of time-related neural responses connected to Brodmann areas cognitive functions, contribute to a better understanding of mechanical engineers’ cognition in open design tasks.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121800978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Should it Stay or Should it Go?: A Case Study of Concept Screening in Engineering Design Industry","authors":"Xuan Zheng, Scarlett R. Miller","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-97564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97564","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 While we know that poor decisions during concept screening can lead to great expenses including redesign costs, production postponement, and even product failure, little is known about what factors influence professional concept screening. Previous research in this area has mostly been conducted with students or used hypothetical design challenges with professionals. This is problematic because such research methods are based on challengeable assumptions leaving out the risks and consequences that professionals face in their daily work. Hence, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the process of professionals making screening decisions in situ and identify the impact of the perceived properties of ideas (i.e., riskiness, originality, and feasibility) and the role of the professionals (idea generators versus executives) in this process. Specifically, a mixed method in-situ study was conducted in a small electromechanical company which included shadowing a research and development team from the conceptual stage to a final pitch meeting to senior executives. In addition, surveys and interviews were conducted to identify what factors were impacting concept screening. The results showed both idea generators and executives were able to distinguish and move ideas with relatively high market potential forward and avoided taking risks during concept screening. However, the idea generators did not show any preferences on the originality or feasibility of the ideas, while the executives preferred to invest in ideas with high feasibility. The findings of this study drew a distinction between professional design studies solving real design problems in a naturalistic, collocated team environment and those in a laboratory setting and added to the understanding of factors that influence the decisions made during professional concept screening. They also provide a much-needed insight into how engineering design professionals screen ideas.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116468746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the Design of a 3D Printer Bridged Engineering Design Processes and the Agile Software Manifesto","authors":"S. Lindberg, M. Campbell","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-97261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97261","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Individual engineering design projects face different challenges depending on their scale. Instead of dealing with problems of complex multidisciplinary systems, small scale design must overcome issues of limited resources. The philosophy of agile software development has been highly successful in addressing similar issues in the software engineering realm over the past two decades. Through the design and prototyping of a low-budget desktop stereolithography printer, the application of agile principles to engineering design process is explored. The printer’s design is discussed in detail to provide examples of successes and failures when these agile principles are put into practice. The paper concludes with a discussion of how agile principles could be leveraged in engineering design. The approach taken in this paper is more of a longitudinal study of a single design process over a twelve-month period as opposed to rigorous experiments that engage multiple users in short design scenarios. Nonetheless, this case study demonstrates how the application of agile principles can inform, improve, and complement traditional engineering design processes.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134003950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Crowdsourced Design Concepts With Machine Learning","authors":"Bradley Camburn, Yuejun He, Sujithra Raviselvam, Jianxi Luo, K. Wood","doi":"10.1115/detc2019-97285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97285","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Automation has enabled design of increasingly complex products, services, and systems. Advanced technology enables designers to automate repetitive tasks in earlier design phases, even high level conceptual ideation. One particularly repetitive task in ideation is to process the large concept sets that can be developed through crowdsourcing. This paper introduces a method for filtering, categorizing, and rating large sets of design concepts. It leverages unsupervised machine learning (ML) trained on open source databases. Input design concepts are written in natural language. The concepts are not pre-tagged, structured or processed in any way which requires human intervention. Nor does the approach require dedicated training on a sample set of designs. Concepts are assessed at the sentence level via a mixture of named entity tagging (keywords) through contextual sense recognition and topic tagging (sentence topic) through probabilistic mapping to a knowledge graph. The method also includes a filtering strategy, the introduction of two metrics, and a selection strategy for assessing design concepts. The metrics are analogous to the design creativity metrics novelty, level of detail, and a selection strategy. To test the method, four ideation cases were studied; over 4,000 concepts were generated and evaluated. Analyses include: asymptotic convergence analysis; a predictive industry case study; and a dominance test between several approaches to selection of high ranking concepts. Notably, in a series of binary comparisons between concepts that were selected from the entire set by a time limited human versus those with the highest ML metric scores, the ML selected concepts were dominant.","PeriodicalId":143350,"journal":{"name":"Volume 7: 31st International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121909085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}