Northwestern Naturalist最新文献

{"title":"WESTERN TOAD (ANAXYRUS BOREAS) BREEDING TIMING AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN LAKE CUSHMAN RESERVOIR, WASHINGTON STATE","authors":"Joanne P. Schuett-Hames, Bonnie J Blessing-Earle","doi":"10.1898/NWN20-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN20-16","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We observed Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) breeding from mid-May to late June, coincident with a reservoir rise of ≤1.2 m in Lake Cushman, Washington State. Breeding occurred at 5 sequentially inundated sites and included diverse habitats. Early-spawned clutch-strings remained attached to the lake bottom but became vertically suspended during the lake-level rise. Embryos and hatchlings nearest the bottom were in cooler water than those near the top. Development through hatchling stages took up to 40 d for early spawn. Locations of later spawning were shallower and warmer, and larval development progressed rapidly. Ultimately, the extended spawning season and varied sites and habitats may provide reproductive success resilience. Reservoir water-level management during Western Toad breeding and larval development may effect: (1) breeding habitat availability; (2) larval development rates; and (3) reproductive success.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121969412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ABSTRACTS FROM THE 2021 JOINT VIRTUAL MEETING OF NORTHWEST PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE CONSERVATION (NWPARC) AND THE ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BIOLOGY (APB), 6–8 MAY 2021","authors":"Plenary and Keynote Talks","doi":"10.1898/NWPARC-Abs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/NWPARC-Abs","url":null,"abstract":"S FROM THE 2021 JOINT VIRTUAL MEETING OF NORTHWEST PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE CONSERVATION (NWPARC) AND THE ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BIOLOGY (APB), 6–8 MAY 2021 PLENARY AND KEYNOTE TALKS PLENARY: WHAT DOES A RETIRED HERPETOLOGIST DO? LINGERING MYSTERIES ABOUT REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. WHIT GIBBONS, University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Lab; wgibbons@uga.edu. My talk reflects on what herpetology was like in the past, from the early developmental stages of PARC in 1999 and a half-century previously. Some of the unanswered questions of herpetological ecology and behavior remaining in the present are discussed, including why Black Swampsnakes (Liodytes [Seminatrix] pygaea]) have red bellies, why all baby ratsnakes (Pantherophis [Elaphe] spp.) look the same, and why turtles have such variable eyes. Finally, recommendations are made for the most effective approaches for herpetofaunal conservation in the future, including continued research and publication, support of organizations such as PARC, and protection of natural habitats. Special focus is given to how to deal with attitudes of the public toward conservation of reptiles, amphibians, and their habitats. PLENARY: NATURE IS VARIABLE: SITE-SPECIFIC OUTCOMES OF PROTECTION MEASURES FOR STREAMS. JOHN S RICHARDSON, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC Canada; john.richardson@ubc.ca. Application of measures for streamside protection often result in different outcomes from the same management practices. This variation in responses of stream ecosystems has many sources. Nevertheless, we often apply the same measures in landscapes in which they have not been tested. This talk will explore variation, its sources, and possible solutions. KEYNOTE: UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE THREATS TO AMPHIBIANS IN NORTHERN CLIMATES. MARK D THOMPSON, EcoLogic Consultants Ltd and Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada; mthompson@ecologicalconsultants.com. Northern amphibians are at great risk. Physiological and population-level stress is increased by large swings in environmental change. Populations are structured by rapid transitions in seasonal phenology, from one season to the next. Hibernation lasts more than 6 months and individuals have shorter seasons to migrate and complete developmental phases, to grow, and to accumulate sufficient body mass and energy for storage. The relations are even more complex with species networks reliant on adaptions timed to ecological synchronicity, such as garter snake predator emergence from hibernacula timed to amphibian breeding and metamorphosis cycles. The predictably of timed seasonal transitions is lost with the breaking of climate trends. Lack of research and monitoring on amphibians in northern climates is disconcerting. Despite reason to be alarmed at more frequent temperature and humidity extremes, the extent and sc","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127560083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CEDAR WAXWINGS (BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM) FEEDING ON BIRCH SAP AT RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (SPHYRAPICUS NUCHALIS) SAP WELLS","authors":"P. Hendricks, C. Norment, J. Weaver","doi":"10.1898/NWN20-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN20-25","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In late June 2020 in western Montana we observed up to 10 Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) feeding on tree sap at Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) sap wells excavated on 2 limbs of a Water Birch (Betula occidentalis). These observations constitute (a) the 1st report of waxwings feeding at sap wells created by sapsuckers of any species; (b) the 1st report of waxwings feeding on tree sap in early summer; and (c) the 1st report of the consumption of birch sap by this waxwing species. The Cedar Waxwings may have sought tree sap because of the limited availability of early-summer sugary fruits at the time of our observations in combination with the presence of new clusters of sap wells created by at least 1 pair of sapsuckers near where the waxwings were beginning to breed. The prevalent sugars in birch sap (glucose, fructose) are also those most efficiently assimilated by Cedar Waxwings and may have contributed in attracting the waxwings to the sapsucker wells.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114724401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE DISTRIBUTION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND EVALUATION OF A NON-INVASIVE MONITORING TECHNIQUE","authors":"Cara Appel, Katie M. Moriarty, S. Matthews, D. Green, S. Anderson, Evan King, J. Yaeger, Jeremy D. Brown, Claire Bortot, W. Bean","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) have a broad geographic distribution across much of the continent, but recent evidence suggests that their populations may be declining in some areas, including the Pacific Northwest. Estimating baseline historical and contemporary distributions of Porcupines is necessary for initiating monitoring efforts and, if necessary, informing strategic conservation actions. We compiled 1905 occurrence records of Porcupines in Washington, Oregon, and northern California from 1908 to 2018. Using maximum entropy modeling (Maxent), we created historical and contemporary distribution models based on Porcupine records from 1981–2010 and 2012–2018, respectively, to match the temporal scale of available environmental predictor layers and suspected onset of the decline. Our models suggested a recent shift in the occupied environmental niche of Porcupines in the Pacific Northwest away from forested areas and towards desert scrub and grassland vegetation communities. In addition, we tested a non-invasive survey method for determining Porcupine presence and monitoring their status over time. Our trials suggested that sodium-soaked wood blocks may provide an inexpensive and minimally invasive technique to detect Porcupines, but further testing is needed to understand its effectiveness and limitations.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122782312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACTIVE SEASON AND PRE-OVERWINTERING MICROHABITAT USE BY OREGON SPOTTED FROGS (RANA PRETIOSA) AND AMERICAN BULLFROGS (LITHOBATES CATESBEIANUS [RANA CATESBEIANA]) AT CONBOY LAKE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, WASHINGTON","authors":"J. Rowe, Lisa Wilson-Romine, J. Romine","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge (CLNWR) in Washington State supports one of the largest remaining populations of federally listed Oregon Spotted Frogs (OSF; Rana pretiosa). Invasive American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus [Rana catesbeiana]), implicated in amphibian declines, are also abundant at CLNWR. Owing to the likely negative effect of this aquatic invader on the highly aquatic OSF, bullfrog control strategies are needed. One method is to limit habitat used by bullfrogs while retaining or enhancing OSF habitat, but for such an approach to be implemented, the 2 species must partition habitat sufficiently. We used radiotelemetry to characterize OSF and bullfrog active-season and pre-overwintering habitat in the human-engineered ditch system at CLNWR. We tracked 12 OSF and 10 bullfrogs from mid-to-late summer, recorded data on frog location and habitat, and analyzed movement patterns, niche breadth, and spatial differences between species. Based on minimum convex polygons, bullfrogs overlapped extensively with OSF habitat space in the ditch system. During the active season, niche analyses also showed extensive overlap in the species' vegetation associations, with selected exceptions at the microhabitat scale. However, each species used distinct pre-overwintering habitats. The small differences in active-season microhabitats and pre-overwintering habitats, and our relatively narrow study conditions, create uncertainty about these species' habitat use in a broader context. Nonetheless, these results underscore the challenge of managing an invasive species that is both a habitat generalist and congener and expose the need for further research to guide management approaches to favor OSFs at CLNWR.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115526452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GENETIC STRUCTURE NOT DETECTED IN NORTHERN IDAHO AND NORTHEAST WASHINGTON WESTERN TOAD (ANAXYRUS BOREAS) POPULATIONS","authors":"M. Lucid, Shannon Ehlers, Lacy Robinson, J. Sullivan","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.89","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas) are widely considered to be of conservation concern, and have high genetic variability both continentally and locally. Previous research has identified 3 major genetic clades of Western Toads in North America. We collected tissue samples from 47 larval toads representing 16 different collection sites in northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. For each sample we sequenced a 269 base-pair section of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidose I (COI) gene. We also downloaded COI sequences from GenBank, which had been used in a previous study to identify geographic clades. We used PAUP to build phylogenies in which our samples did not align geographically with each other or form distinct clades within the continental phylogeny. Our samples did, however, group in the expected Northwestern clade which was identified in a previous study. The toads examined in our study area show no evidence of cryptic diversity within the section of COI we examined and our data support the current taxonomic assignment to Anaxyrus boreas.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134114256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE STRUCTURE OF SPOTTED FROG (RANA LUTEIVENTRIS AND RANA PRETIOSA) EGGS: A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE","authors":"C. Rombough, J. Bowerman","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Published accounts describe the eggs of spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris and Rana pretiosa) as having either 1 or 2 jelly envelopes surrounding the ovum. Eggs of R. luteiventris are typically reported to have a single jelly envelope, whereas those of R. pretiosa are reported to have 2 envelopes. We found, however, that both species' eggs actually have 3 jelly envelopes. In this paper we describe the eggs of both species, and identify the origin of the discrepancy in the scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114421077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ROAD AND RAIL FATALITIES OF ELK, BIGHORN SHEEP, AND GRAY WOLVES IN JASPER NATIONAL PARK, ALBERTA, 1980–2018","authors":"D. Dekker","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.83","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Established in 1907, Jasper National Park (JNP) comprises 10,880 km2 of mountainous terrain in western Alberta, Canada. Its large mammals have been protected from hunting and trapping, but are subject to accidental collisions with vehicles and trains on the Yellowhead Highway and the Canadian National Railway (CNR) that transect JNP. This paper reviews the park's historical inventory of Elk (Cervus elaphus), Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis), and Gray Wolves (Canis lupus), and reports on their number killed by vehicles and trains from 1980 to 2018. Elk population estimates declined from 1000 in 1975 to 318 in 2018. An aerial survey of Bighorn Sheep flown in 2018 over all of JNPs sheep range recorded a decline of 58–62% compared to 1987. In the lower main valley, discrete bands of rams and ewes declined on 2 traditional winter ranges. The road and rail fatalities of Elk and sheep were superimposed on predation. In the late 1970s, wolves were estimated at 160, but reached an undetermined low in 2018 following year-round trapping on JNPs boundaries and accidental fatalities on the park's roads and railways.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129449345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OBSERVATIONS OF ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLERS IN VINE MAPLE","authors":"Carolyn M Coyle, D. Gannon","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.94","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We conducted a pilot study assessing the role that Orange-crowned Warblers (Oreothlypis celata) may play in the pollination of Vine Maple (Acer circinatum). We observed an Orange-crowned Warbler probing its head into different inflorescences between 2 focal trees. We also incidentally observed O. celata individuals foraging in Big-leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) inflorescences and a Wilson's Warbler (Cardellina pusilla) feeding in the flowers of a Vine Maple. Our observations and results from the pilot experiment excluding large-bodied pollinators from flowers lead us to suggest that warblers may forage at Vine Maple flowers in a manner that could contribute to pollination; however, further study to confirm that warblers transfer pollen from anthers to conspecific stigmas is warranted.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128601975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FISH HABITAT USE AND FOOD WEB STRUCTURE FOLLOWING POND-AND-PLUG RESTORATION OF A MONTANE MEADOW IN THE SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA","authors":"Lora B. Tennant, C. Eagles‐Smith, J. Willacker, Matthew Johnson","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.30","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Montane meadows are areas of high biodiversity and provide many important ecosystem services; however, degradation of 40–60% of these habitats in the Sierra Nevada region of California has left many of these areas impaired. The “pond-and-plug” meadow-restoration technique is 1 type of treatment implemented to restore montane meadows. The objectives of this technique are to re-water the meadow and promote downstream flow by increasing the water-table elevation and providing additional water storage that will promote the growth of mesic and hydric vegetation that maintains and stabilizes stream channels. However, aquatic habitat and the composition and functioning of aquatic communities in these systems post-treatment are poorly documented or understood. We evaluated: (1) fish habitat, community composition, and relative abundance among recently created ponds spanning the range of pond habitats; (2) seasonal movement and survival of fish within and among ponds; and (3) food web structure in ponds. We documented over-summer and winter survival in the fish community and short-distance movement by 1 species occupying the ponds. Mark-recapture data suggest that all fish species present are capable of surviving both summer and winter conditions when pond conditions could be most limiting. Food web structure among intensively sampled ponds was similar, with overlapping isotopic niche width for dominant taxa. However, basal resource diversity (BRD) varied among ponds, with those having higher macrophyte cover also showing greater BRD. Our findings suggest that pond-and-plug techniques can provide habitat for native fishes that are able to tolerate departures from the species thermal and dissolved oxygen optima. Future meadow treatments could benefit from short-term restoration techniques such as pond-and-plug to allow for longer-term processes to influence meadow condition over time.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129321214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}