LSN: International Nongovernmental Organizations (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Data Jurisdictions and Rival Regimes of Algorithmic Regulation","authors":"Fleur Johns, C. Compton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3505820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3505820","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to characterize and compare some approaches to regulation manifest in distinct yet intersecting domains of data assemblage and algorithmic development, and to explore some implications of their operating in concert. We focus on three such types of domain, each oriented towards different purposes: market jurisdictions; public science jurisdictions; and jurisdictions of humanitarianism. These domains we characterize as data jurisdictions because they tend to propagate distinct normative claims and concerns, and authorize particular types of speech and action, through algorithmic operations and data formatting. In this paper, we focus on the intersection of these archetypal data jurisdictions in two, related initiatives of the United Nations (UN): Haze Gazer and CycloMon. In the context of these projects, the market domain is represented by their incorporation of Twitter and social media data; the public science domain by their use of NASA Earth Observatory data, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) data, and Air Quality Index China (AQICN) air quality data; and the humanitarian domain by their status as UN projects designed to serve the aims and enlarge the capacities of development and humanitarian professionals. We analyse how, and with what ramifications, these domains of algorithmic regulation intersect in Haze Gazer and CycloMon. \u0000 \u0000In so doing, we advance two main arguments. First, we argue that certain normative commitments regarding data, data use, and data users circulate and gain ground through their embeddedness in seemingly benign infrastructures and formats of data handling and representation. Particular (contentious) norms are prioritised, spread and imbibed as much through day-to-day data usage as through explicit argument or endorsement. Second, we argue that blind spots tend to emerge from the intersection of different jurisdictions over, or approaches to, the challenge of responsible algorithmic regulation. The data jurisdictions that we analyse in this article demand quite divergent normative commitments, but the conflicts among these are hard for users to discern in day-to-day interaction with the platforms that we describe. We contend that jurisdictional analysis of projects in operation may help data contributors and users to take account of, and potentially take a stand on, these important differences.","PeriodicalId":139640,"journal":{"name":"LSN: International Nongovernmental Organizations (Topic)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127545421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Effectiveness of Transnational Private Regulation","authors":"F. Cafaggi, A. Renda","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2508684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2508684","url":null,"abstract":"Trans-national private regulation has become a prominent form of rulemaking in several domains, from advertising to financial services, food safety and environmental regulation, with alternate fortune so far. In some cases, private regulation emerges spontaneously, independently of any legislative or policy initiative. This report takes stock of the activities performed within the HIIL project on “Transnational private regimes – Constitutional Foundations and governance design”, and proposes a toolkit for the analysis of the effectiveness of private regulatory organizations from the standpoint of their members as well as society as a whole. The report aims to contribute to the current debate on the use of ex ante impact assessment and ex post evaluation of private regulatory schemes by academics, private regulatory organizations, non-governmental organizations and governments.","PeriodicalId":139640,"journal":{"name":"LSN: International Nongovernmental Organizations (Topic)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126963616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NGOs and the Legitimacy of International Development","authors":"S. Smyth","doi":"10.17161/1808.20250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/1808.20250","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of NGOs in international development policy and practice has grown exponentially since the end of the Cold War. These NGOs’ agendas now compete with donor states’ in setting the priorities for international development assistance. Indeed, many NGOs now claim that the legitimacy of international development institutions depends on their inclusion in institutional governance. Several prominent policymakers have expressed a similar view. This article challenges that position. I maintain that legitimacy is the wrong basis on which to stake out a claim for greater NGO involvement in international development institutions. I show that the legitimacy of an international development institution, like the legitimacy of a government bureaucracy, derives from the legitimacy of the states that created it and depends on its due and efficacious discharge of the mandate such states confer on it. Therefore, if the member states of a development institution mandate that NGOs be included in governance, NGO inclusion is critical to that institution’s legitimacy. Absent such a mandate, however, an international development institution’s legitimacy depends on its carrying out the pre-determined tasks and goals of the states that create it. As international bureaucracies, development institutions’ legitimacy equates with efficacy. NGO participation independent of, and unrelated to efficacy, has no bearing on an international development institution’s legitimacy.Whether NGO participation in governances contributes to a development institution’s efficacy is a matter for empirical research. General principles suggest that NGO participation contributes to a development institution’s credibility both within developing and developed countries. Lessons gleaned from the recent experience of development institutions further support that view. If efficacy depends on credibility and credibility depends on NGO involvement, several conclusions follow; the design of new development institutions should include a space for NGOs, existing institutions that exclude NGOs should change. Paradoxically, NGO participation as a contributor to increased institutional credibility could also contribute to an institution’s legitimacy. How and why we get to that result, however, matters.","PeriodicalId":139640,"journal":{"name":"LSN: International Nongovernmental Organizations (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130583043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}