{"title":"Alternative Visions","authors":"B. Pati","doi":"10.4337/9780857936134.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857936134.00023","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores an area that is usually missing in narratives related to the Indian national movement, even though it involves alternative possibilities and visions and perhaps even ways of writing alternative histories. It does this by focusing on the State People’s Movement in the princely state of Nilgiri in colonial Orissa, which was led by the communists. However, it does not look at this movement as being organized ‘from above’, but as one that was guided and shaped by the tribals and peasants themselves. The chapter places these struggles against broader regional and national developments, thus challenging the idea that adivasis and untouchables/dalits were ‘unreflexive’/‘spontaneous’ people who merely fought against their immediate oppressors and had no conception of the wider social and political context.","PeriodicalId":138674,"journal":{"name":"Tribals and Dalits in Orissa","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125040987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rituals of Legitimacy","authors":"B. Pati","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at the way in which colonial and the feudal ruling classes ritualized diverse aspects related to their interactions with the common people in order to tap their resources, while also simultaneously exercising control over them. Keeping the question of ‘Hinduization’ and Sanskritization at the centre, it highlights the manner in which the pre-existing system of caste was ritualized using a diverse range of strategies. At the same time, the chapter illustrates the ways in which common people challenged the exploiting classes using fascinating strategies, which reflect an entire range of counter-hegemonic rituals of protest and subversion. These included inventing a discourse of equality that was a fall-out of the interactions with modernity, which has somehow been assumed by historians to be a phenomenon limited to the urban middle classes/upper castes.","PeriodicalId":138674,"journal":{"name":"Tribals and Dalits in Orissa","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129611387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Rhythms of Change and Devastation","authors":"B. Pati","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the process of the introduction of ‘colonial capitalism’ in Orissa, with a specific focus on three areas: the coastal, pilgrimage centre of Puri and the two princely states of Kalahandi and Mayurbhanj. The discussion underlines the contradictory processes whereby the colonial state supported urbanization and industrialization,at the cost of tribal forest rights—leading to their acute distress and impoverishment. This entire process was couched in the language of the ‘civilizing mission’, which acted as a powerful justification for tapping into forest resources. In highlighting all this, the chapter traces the legacies of this lopsided ‘development’ which are clearly visible even today. In highlighting all this, the chapters also traces the long and tortuous history of urbanization in colonial Orissa.","PeriodicalId":138674,"journal":{"name":"Tribals and Dalits in Orissa","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126874342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Tribals and Outcastes Hit Back","authors":"B. Pati","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the survival strategies adopted by tribal folk, as well as the shifts in their identity in course of the nineteenth century. Tribals and outcastes coped with the severe pressures unleashed upon them by the colonial agrarian interventions by retreating further into the hills. Fluidities in caste identities resulted in affluent sections amongst the tribal folk getting incorporated into the caste system as Khandayats/Kshatriyas. At the same time, this process saw the poorer sections among the tribals becoming further impoverished and increasingly classified as ‘criminal tribes’ or castes. Other forms of resistance included critiquing and questioning inequalities through movements such as the Mahima movement. This period was also marked by several tribal uprisings among various tribal groups in the hilly western interiors, including during the 1857 rebellion.","PeriodicalId":138674,"journal":{"name":"Tribals and Dalits in Orissa","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123817798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Invisibility, Social Exclusion, Survival","authors":"B. Pati","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199489404.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter lays out the canvas of the book, highlighting the destructive impact of colonialism on the socially excluded sections of Orissan society. Colonial agrarian interventions, the emergence of private property, and commercialization of agriculture further impoverished the marginalized sections. Colonization also consolidated upper caste/class dominance in areas where they had been fluid earlier. Critiquing trends in historiography, this chapter argues that till very recently an obsessive focus on the coastal tract and on Jagannath and Puri had continued to shape our understanding of the region. This, combined with the nationalist and imperialist narratives, had a strong impact even on relatively sophisticated, historical works on the region. The chapter concludes that there appear to be distinct continuities between the colonial and post-colonial perspectives on the socially excluded continuing to this day.","PeriodicalId":138674,"journal":{"name":"Tribals and Dalits in Orissa","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122977465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}