International Journal of Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Activated Bentonite: Low Cost Adsorbent to Reduce Phosphor in Waste Palm Oil","authors":"M. Naswir, S. Arita, Widi Hartati, L. Septiarini, Desfaournatalia Desfaournatalia, Y. Wibowo","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P67","url":null,"abstract":"The Palm Oil Factory produces wastewater containing high enough Phosphor (P). High levels of Phosphor can cause pollution load for the environment, so it needs to be lowered. The decrease of this content can be done by adsorption process using bentonite as adsorbent. The purpose of this research is to determine the absorption of activated bentonite to the absorption of Phosphor contained in waste water. Phosphor measurements were performed using the UV-vis Spectrophotometric Instrument. Bentonite was activated using HCl 1.6 M. Characterization of bentonite using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Divertive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results showed that bentonite was able to adsorb Phosphor contained in the waste water of Palm Oil Factory, with adsorption capacity> 90%. Activated Bentonite has greater power capability than natural bentonite.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87181949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in Muscle Cells as Potential Markers of Oxidative Stress by Laser Ablation and Solution Based ICP-MS","authors":"Taghreed M. Fagieh, H. J. Reid, B. Sharp","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P50","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress is imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant levels in living systems. Human cells are protected from reactive oxygen species (ROS) by endogenous enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Most of these compounds require particular redox metals in their structures as cofactors to allow them to scavenge the free radicals, in particular Cu, Zn or Mn-with SOD and Fe with catalase. The aim of this study was to quantify these metals in human cells to evaluate their effectiveness as novel biomarkers for measuring oxidative stress. The metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) were measured in vitro in skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) which were incubated under hypoxia or hyperoxia conditions generated by varying oxygen levels from 1% - 60% for 24 and 48 hours. Two methods were used to perform the analyses. Solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to quantify Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in cell populations, and laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS was employed to compare their relative levels in individual cells. The data acquired from both techniques were positively correlated confirming the validity of the two approaches. The results showed that the concentration of the measured elements increased dramatically in cells grown at 25% - 60% O2, the most significant increase being in Cu at 60% O2. None showed any increase at 5% - 15% O2, indicating normoxia states. At 1% O2, all elements, except Fe, showed a significant increase and the most remarkable growth was in Mn. Increasing the incubation time to 48 hours had differing effects on the elements. Zn and Cu concentrations were unaffected by increasing incubation time except at 60% O2 where they showed further growth. In contrast, Mn concentration grew sharply for oxygen levels of 30% - 50% with no further effect at 1%, while Fe concentration decreased at 1% O2 and grew steadily for oxygen levels of 5% - 60%. It can be concluded that all four elements were significantly affected by stress conditions applied to cells, but at different rates. Importantly, this paper describes a novel method for estimating oxidative stress in cells based on the determination of redox elements in single cells and cell populations using ICP-MS.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81172174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the Pyrolytic Products of Pine Nut Shells","authors":"S. Batbileg, B. Purevsuren, M. Battsetseg, A. Ankhtuya, D. Batkhishig","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P37","url":null,"abstract":"Have been determined the technical characteristics and elemental composition of shells. The elemental composition of the shell was determined by a microanalytical method such as 5Е С2000 model CNH-analyzer. The pyrolysis of shells investigated by using a standard quartz retort (tube) at different heating temperatures and determined the yields of pyrolysis products such as hard residue, tar, pyrolytic water, and gas. As a result of these experiments have been determined that 30% hard residue, higher yield 13% of tar, can be obtained at heating temperature 500oC. Thermogravimetric analysis of shells carried out in TG/DTA7200, Hitachi, Japan model equipment. The shells’ ash chemical composition was first time determined by the X-ray diffractions powder, that it consists of significantly higher 40% these chemical elements including manganese, nickel, little zinc, sulfur, aluminum, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, and calcium. The solubility of purified pyrolysis tar of shells in hexane, benzene and dichloromethane were investigated by using silicagel column and the chemical composition of each fraction determined by using of GC/MS chromatography system. The FTIR spectra of shell and pyrolysis tar determined by using of a Nicolet 20-PC spectrometer. The porosity structure of activated pyrolysis hard residue determined by the SEM analysis.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89456439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substituent Effect on Oxidative Decomposition of Acylferrocenes","authors":"Y. Okada, Motoi Sakai","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P31","url":null,"abstract":"Acylferrocenes are oxidized by iron(III) chloride in methanol and then immediately decomposed. In this study, the oxidative decomposition of some alkanoyl- and aroylferrocenes was performed and the substituent effect on the reaction rate was investigated. It was found that the reaction was governed by the accessibility of the oxidizing agent to the iron atom and the degree of electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group towards the ferrocene nucleus.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78861279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Sonication Pre-treatment of TiO2 Catalyst for Photo-Degradation of Acid Orange 7 Azo Dye","authors":"D. Kariuki, P. Tum","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P22","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, Acid Orange 7 azo dye was degraded on TiO2 catalyst layer illuminated with ultra-violet light. The TiO2 suspension had prior been sonicated at 20 kHz before electrophoretic deposition on smooth stainless steel surfaces, with the aim of increasing the efficiency of azo dyes degradation. The effect of sonication on the TiO2 suspension of 10 g.L-1 and electrophoretic deposition loading to layers on surfaces was studied. Morphological properties of the electrophoretic layers from two different suspensions, Alpha and Sigma TiO2 were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy to establish the specific surface properties, particle loading and crystalline sizes. A four–position reactor was used for dye degradation experiments under Ultra Violet light at 355 nm wavelength. The degradation of the azo dye was monitored at 30minutes interval for a total of 2 hours using Ultra Violet-Visible Spectrophotometer at λ = 485 nm. It was found out that 60% of dye degradation was achieved after 120 minutes without sonication pretreatment. Sonication pre-treatment resulted in 71.42% increase on the rate of photo-degradation, at a loading of 0.32 mg/cm2. Particulate layers coated with Alpha TiO2 showed more photoactivity compared to Sigma TiO2. Scanning Electron Microscopy indicated that Alpha TiO2 had  50 m2/g surface area and  28 nm crystal size compared to Sigma TiO2 with 10 m2/g and 169 nm crystal size. This study shows that sonication pretreatment of Alpha TiO2 /UV light system is most effective in photo-degrading Acid Orange 7 dye.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80132168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimisation of Organic Solvent Mediated Solubilisation of Apple Pomace Polyphenolic Compounds Using Response Surface Methodologies","authors":"S. Ibrahim, Regina C D Santos, S. Bowra","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N2P1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N2P1","url":null,"abstract":"Polyphenolic compounds extraction from industrial apple pomace was optimised by applying design of experiments (DoE) and surface response methodology using the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The degree solubilisation and the yield of total phenolic content from the apple pomace using organic solvents was shown to be influenced by process parameters including solvent type, solvent concentration, temperature, apple pomace to solvent ratio, and extraction time (residency time). Optimal conditions of extracting phenolic compounds were as follows: acetone concentration, 65 % (v/v); solid to solvent ratio 1 %; extraction time 30 minutes and temperature 60oC. Optimum condition for solubilisation was as follows: acetone concentration 78 % (v/v); solid to solvent ratio 4.7 %; extraction time 54 minutes and temperature 21oC. Under these conditions, the total phenolic content and solubilisation were 21.70 ± 0.2 mg GAE/g dw and 19.20 ± 0.1g/100g of the dried apple pomace respectively and largely agreed with those predicted by the Stat-Ease software. Independent variables for optimisation of total phenolic content and solubilisation were completely different. The reverse phase HPLC analysis of the extract revealed the major polyphenolic compounds were chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, caffeic acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid, quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside and phloridzin.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78965641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tautomeric Equilibrium Modeling: Stability and Reactivity of Benzothiazole and Derivatives","authors":"L. Bede, M. Koné, Guy R. M. Koné, Simplice C. S. Ouattara, L. Ouattara, E. Bamba","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N1P84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N1P84","url":null,"abstract":"Benzothiazoles are organic compounds with multiple biological activities. Due to their biological interests, these are synthesized on a large scale at the industrial level and used in various fields. Their release into waters causes environmental problems which leads to public health problems. Finding solution which can help for their degradation become necessary. \u0000 \u0000That is the reason why a theoretical study of the reactivity of five benzothiazole derivatives has been initiated in order to understand some aspect of their biodegradation. \u0000 \u0000The calculations were carried out in gaseous and aqueous phase with B3LYP functional associated with bases 6-311G(d) and 6-31+G(d). \u0000 \u0000The results revealed that the thione tautomer of the MBT derivative is more stable than the thiol form. These results are in agreement with previous experimental work which showed that the thiones forms in MBT metal complexes are the most stable. Moreover, the study of the reactivity based on the computation of the global indices of reactivity reveals that the benzothiazoles BT, OBT and MBT are the most reactive. The most electrophilic is BT and the least electrophilic is MTBT. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters and the energy barriers predict a possibility of coexistence of tautomers ol and one of OBT derivative. Fukui dual descriptors have shown that the carbon C2 of BT is the most electrophilic. In substituted derivatives, it is the C6 carbon that is the most electrophilic. N3 nitrogen remains the most nucleophilic site in all the studied molecules.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87961729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 11, No. 1","authors":"A. John","doi":"10.5539/ijc.v11n1p96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v11n1p96","url":null,"abstract":"International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. \u0000 \u0000Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 1 \u0000 \u0000  \u0000 \u0000Abdul Rouf Dar, University of Florida, USA \u0000 \u0000Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria \u0000 \u0000Ahmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey \u0000 \u0000Asghari Gul, Comsats IIT, Pakistan \u0000 \u0000Ayodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South Africa \u0000 \u0000Elnaz Rostampour, Islamic Azad University, Iran \u0000 \u0000Fatima Tuz Johra, Kookmin University, Bangladesh \u0000 \u0000Greg Peters, University of Findlay, USA \u0000 \u0000Ho Soon Min, INTI International University, Malaysia \u0000 \u0000Hongbin Liu, University of Washington, USA \u0000 \u0000Khaldun Mohammad Al Azzam, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Saudi Arabia \u0000 \u0000Maolin Lu, Yale University, USA \u0000 \u0000Merve Kaya, Toros Agri., Turkey \u0000 \u0000Mohamed Abass, Ain Shams University, Egypt \u0000 \u0000Nanthaphong Khamthong, Rangsit University, Thailand \u0000 \u0000Prathapan Sreedharan, Cochin University, India \u0000 \u0000R. K. Dey, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), India \u0000 \u0000Rabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, Pakistan \u0000 \u0000Sahar A. El-Molla, Ain Shams University, Egypt \u0000 \u0000Sitaram Acharya, Texas Christian University, USA \u0000 \u0000Yu Chen, Henkel Co. Ltd., USA \u0000 \u0000Albert John \u0000 \u0000On behalf of, \u0000 \u0000The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry \u0000 \u0000Canadian Center of Science and Education","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88512346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization, Antifungal and Antibacterial Activities of Novel Amide Derivatives of 1,3-Dioxolane","authors":"Zahra Begum, Momin Khan, S. Khan, M. Imran, N. Rehman, M. Umar, Atif Kamil, Turghun Muhammad","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N1P71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N1P71","url":null,"abstract":"L-Tartaric acid which is chiral compound and commercially available, was converted into 1,3-dioxolane. In the synthetic sequence, 1,3-dioxolane was first formed via protection and partial hydrolysis of L-tartaric acid. Treatment with altered substituted aromatic amines, 1,3-dioxolane gave the desired amides i.e. ethyl 2,2-dimethyl-5-(phenylcarbamoyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylate 3a, \u00002-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-5-carboxamido)benzoic acid 3b, ethyl \u00005-(4-iodophenylcarbamoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylate 3c, ethyl \u00005-(2-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylate 3d and ethyl \u00005-(2,4-dichlorophenylcarbamoyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylate 3e. These chiral derivatives were purified through column chromatographic technique and characterized by different spectroscopic techniques i.e IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EIMS. The antimicrobial activities of these compounds were determined at different concentrations against different strains of bacteria and fungi.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82256110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization, Thermogravimetric and Antioxidant Studies of New Cu(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) Complexes with Benzoic Acid and 4,4,4-Trifluoro-1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanedione","authors":"F. A. S. Fabiyi, A. A. Olanrewaju","doi":"10.5539/IJC.V11N1P60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/IJC.V11N1P60","url":null,"abstract":"Six new Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni (II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with benzoic acid (L) and 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-naphthyl)-1,3-butanedione (L1), of the molecular formulae [MnLL1]·H2O (1), [FeLL1]·H2O (2), [CoLL1] (3), [NiLL1]·H2O (4), [CuLL1] (5) and [ZnLL1] (6), respectively, have been synthesized. The molecular structures of the complexes were determined by spectrophotometric studies using ir, 1H and 13C nmr, es and mass spectrophotometry revealed that the geometries of the complexes 1, 2, 3, and 6 are tetrahedral, while 4 and 5 have square planar geometry. These geometries were supported by their magnetic moments data. The coordination of the ligands to the metal ion are through their oxygen atoms. TGA studies showed that they are thermally stable. Their antioxidant studies revealed that they are good antioxidants.","PeriodicalId":13866,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90285652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}