Z. Ouyang, Changsu Song, Christina P. Wong, G. Daily, Jianguo Liu, J. Salzman, Lingqiao Kong, Hua Zheng, Cong Li
{"title":"China: Designing Policies to Enhance Ecosystem Services","authors":"Z. Ouyang, Changsu Song, Christina P. Wong, G. Daily, Jianguo Liu, J. Salzman, Lingqiao Kong, Hua Zheng, Cong Li","doi":"10.5822/978-1-64283-004-0_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-64283-004-0_12","url":null,"abstract":"Decades of double-digit economic growth make China the fastest expanding major economy in history while saddling the country with likely the most severe environmental crisis faced by any civilization. China’s ecosystems are quite fragile due to severe land degradation, erosion, desertification, water scarcity, and pollution. Ecological threats continue to grow in scale and severity across China because of rapid urbanization and increased consumption of natural resources (Bryan et al. 2018). Wildlife habitat has declined, causing substantial losses in biodiversity, and poor air and water quality are causing human health problems. Political recognition of China’s crisis started in 1998 when deforestation and erosion caused massive flooding along the Yangtze River. The floods killed thousands of people, made over 13.2 million people homeless, and cost US$36 billion in property damage.","PeriodicalId":138640,"journal":{"name":"Green Growth That Works","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128448540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multilateral and Bilateral Mechanisms","authors":"Rick Thomas","doi":"10.5822/978-1-64283-004-0_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-64283-004-0_11","url":null,"abstract":"Policymakers have long understood the critically important role forests play in providing the ecosystem service of carbon sequestration. While many hoped the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol would meaningfully address deforestation, credits were granted only for afforestation and reforestation. No credit was provided for reducing rates of deforestation. This policy gap provided the impetus for development of the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) policy. Through the REDD framework, developed countries provide funds to developing countries for reductions in greenhouse emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as for the enhancement of forest carbon stocks and forest cover. Billions of dollars have been spent promoting this policy approach. In 2010, at the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change (COP 16 to UNFCC), REDD became known as REDD+, reflecting the additional goals of poverty alleviation, biodiversity conservation, and sustaining vital ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":138640,"journal":{"name":"Green Growth That Works","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114282852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Costa Rica: Bringing Natural Capital Values into the Mainstream","authors":"Álvaro Umaña Quesada","doi":"10.5822/978-1-64283-004-0_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-64283-004-0_13","url":null,"abstract":"Costa Rica is unique in several ways. A key factor is the country’s geographic location as a narrow land bridge between the great landmasses of North and South America (fig. 13.1). Its rugged topography includes mountains that rise up to 3,800 meters above sea level, and its land bears two different seasonal regimes that contribute to its extremely varied habitats. Costa Rica’s biological diversity is outstanding in the Americas as well as in the tropical world as a whole. With a land area of only 51,000 square kilometers, it contains nearly 5 percent of all plant and animal species known to exist on the planet.","PeriodicalId":138640,"journal":{"name":"Green Growth That Works","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126930284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Folke, B. Crona, V. Galaz, L. Gordon, Lisen Schultz, H. Österblom
{"title":"Collaborative Approaches to Biosphere Stewardship","authors":"C. Folke, B. Crona, V. Galaz, L. Gordon, Lisen Schultz, H. Österblom","doi":"10.5822/978-1-64283-004-0_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-64283-004-0_4","url":null,"abstract":"The world is a complex moving target. The human dimension has accelerated into a major force driving the dynamics of the Earth system and, as it seems, into unfamiliar terrain beyond the glacial-interglacial dynamics of the last 1.2 million years (Steffen et al. 2018). There is definitely something new under the sun!","PeriodicalId":138640,"journal":{"name":"Green Growth That Works","volume":"48 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131549684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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