{"title":"From “Shock and Awe” to Asymmetric Warfare in Modern Military Warfare","authors":"Daniel Galily, David Schwartz","doi":"10.32591/coas.ojsh.0402.04085g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0402.04085g","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to present the strategies from “Shock and Awe” to asymmetric warfare in modern military warfare. The main points in the article are: Introduction: The lessons of a war - The Yom Kippur War; In the years before the Yom Kippur War; After the Yom Kippur War, the American military understood that it had to focus on mobile and rapid warfare against regular armies, an issue that had been neglected over the past decade; The “Shock and Awe” battle strategy. In conclusion: a very important element for coping with asymmetric warfare is the psychological strength of the civilian population. As stated, one of the ways of warfare of the weak side against the strong side is the marking the psychological sensitivity of the civilian population of the strong side as a target. A psychological attack on the civilian population can manifest itself in the launching of missiles at it, the control of its information, the multiplicity of casualties of its soldiers and the sowing of a sense of frustration in it due to prolonged confrontation.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132638818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mysteries of Lake Copais: The Drainage – Massive Bronze Age and Hellenistic Hydraulic Engineering Works","authors":"T. Ghembaza, David Windell","doi":"10.32591/coas.ojsh.0402.03067g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0402.03067g","url":null,"abstract":"Since the draining of Lake Copais in Boeotia in the late 19th century archaeological research has revealed Bronze Age hydraulic engineering works of such a scale as to be unique in Europe. Starting in the Middle Helladic period with dams, dikes and polders, the massive extension of the scheme in the Late Helladic period, with large canals and massive dikes, achieved the complete drainage of the lake; a feat not achieved again, despite Hellenistic attempts, until the 20th century. In this paper we attempt to draw together research in order to tell the history of Lake Copais through the ages.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116512312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Manufacture of Gilded Threads in the 15-17th Centuries","authors":"Juri Spiridonov","doi":"10.32591/coas.ojsh.0402.02055s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0402.02055s","url":null,"abstract":"Since ancient times, gilded threads have been used to decorate textiles in different cultures around the world. In the article, the author examines the threads manufacturing in the 16-17th centuries in Europe and Western Asia, trying to answer two, as it seems to him, the main questions: what was the method of gilding and what was the method of cutting if width error was less than 10 μm. It is assumed that the main gilding method was the diffusion one, and the main cutting method used rollers and a sharp blade at a small angle. The first one has not been proven but the second has been proved. The article lists all marks, diffusion and adhesion coefficients, human angular resolution, and much more.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121086431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Mysteries of Lake Copais and the Island Fortress of Gla","authors":"T. Ghembaza, David Windell","doi":"10.32591/coas.ojsh.0401.03025g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0401.03025g","url":null,"abstract":"The Bronze Age drainage of Lake Copais, Boeotia, is unique within Europe as the largest and most complex work of engineering of the period. Comprising large dams, polder dykes, canals, massive levees, cuttings and tunnels, it made at least 95km² of drained lake bed available for agricultural production. The first polders were established in the Middle Helladic period with great extensions in the Late Helladic. During the latter period the largest of all the Mycenaean citadels was constructed at Gla which had been a rocky island in the lake prior to the drainage. But exactly what type of settlement it was still remains something of a mystery. This paper draws together the history of research on the citadel of Gla.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132540480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Cult of Itonia Athena and the Human Conscience","authors":"E. Goula","doi":"10.32591/COAS.OJSH.0302.03047G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/COAS.OJSH.0302.03047G","url":null,"abstract":"The cult of Athena as Itonia is today almost completely unknown. Even in antiquity it was limited to specific areas as a local cult of the Aeolian tribe of the Boeotians, where, however, it had universal currency. Known places of her cult are in Thessaly, Boeotia and the island of Amorgos. At the Boeotian city of Koroneia, although the sanctuary of Itonia Athena is referring by the ancient writers (Pausanias and Strabo), its location has not been securely identified and the character of her cult is not well known. The available evidence (literary testimonies, mythological reports and archaeological data) suggest that her worship in Koroneia was a peculiar kind of mystery cult, which had accepted the influence of Orphism. This article highlights the properties of the forms involved in this secret cult and interpret the content of her worship in a philosophical context, with reference mainly to Aristotle’s work “On Memory and Remembrance”. The view supported by the present article is that her worship was oriented towards the achievement of self-awareness, to the Delphic oracular maxim “know thyself” (γνώθι σαυτόν). That was considered essential for the formation of the cultural consciousness of the societies of ancient Greece. This is a parameter of knowledge that in our modern societies has been forgotten, leading consequently to the misinterpretation of cultural development and a completely different perception of cultural memory and consciousness.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125308556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asia Minor Refugee Associations in Lesvos (1914-1936)","authors":"Afroditi Pelteki","doi":"10.32591/COAS.OJSH.0302.02035P","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/COAS.OJSH.0302.02035P","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the formation and dynamic of the Asia Minor refugee association in Lesvos island (in Greece), during two historical periods: the period known as the First Persecution (Protos Diogmos, in Greek) (1914-1918) and the interwar period (1922-1936). Collectivities of first refugee generation are transformed into communities, unions and associations at the host country (Lesvos), trying to integrate into society and constitute their social reality, structuring new collective identities, collective memories and historical conscience. The present case study relies on primary sources and archival material. It provides us the possibility of both comparative study and exploration/analysis of Asia Minor’s refugee association development, since it constitutes part of an ongoing research regarding the Asia Minor Refugee Memory, resulting through genealogical succession within the Asia Minor’s Refugee Associations institutional context, in Lesvos.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114590093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Images of War in Opera","authors":"Anastasia Siopsi","doi":"10.32591/coas.ojsh.0302.01025s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0302.01025s","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this article is to raise questions with wars seen as part of cultural history attempting, thus, to provide a cultural reading. As such, I attempt to show operatic responses to war, to the meaning of violence, and to the ways they illustrate emotions that are at the core of such destructive activities (that is, patriotism, heroism and so forth) and depict wartime ideologies, practices, values and symbols. This paper is a critical and selective overview of images of war in opera mainly up to the twentieth century. There is no aspect in human activities which is not related, more or less, with the issue of war. War has been part of the total human experience. Subsequently, my paper is about the various ways of projecting images of war in opera. In more detail, it is about the ways that opera, since the era of its birth, responds to human conflicts, named wars, and bring on stage an interpretation: an illustration of a hero, a context of values related to the necessity or the avoidance of war, a message to humanity to make us look at our civilization in either positive or negative ways. A cultural contemplation is not about “truths” of the war but raises the question as to how different “truths” inhabit the political and cultural Western European world by means of the total work of art of opera. Opera has had a fundamental role in privileging some ideals of “truths” from others. The main aim is to raise questions with wars seen as part of cultural history attempting, thus, to provide a cultural reading. As such, I attempt to show operatic responses to war, to the meaning of violence, and to the ways they illustrate emotions that are at the core of such destructive activities (that is, patriotism, heroism and so forth) and depict wartime ideologies, practices, values and symbols.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"20 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125604497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influences of the East on Early Christian Iconography","authors":"M. Chumak","doi":"10.32591/coas.ojsh.0301.02011c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0301.02011c","url":null,"abstract":"The Roman imperial cult is traditionally considered to have been the main root to have exerted a major influence on early Christian iconography. Numerous visual and original literary sources illustrate the replacement of the Roman and Greek deities by the characters of the newly born religion – that is, Christianity. After the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire, the honor given to the Roman Emperor was naturally shifted to Jesus Christ, in terms of worship. Establishing the capital of a remote province, such as the Eastern part of Tracie, was a strategic political decision. Roman and later Christian practices inevitably embraced the local cults and traditions. Consequently, both Eastern and Western traditions can be traced in the practices of the new religious faith of the Roman Empire. This paper investigates the major Eastern sources which are often underestimated, while they are present in the Paleo-Christian visuals of the first centuries of the Common Era (CE) in the Eastern territories of the Roman Empire. One of these is the Buddhist visual representations of Gandhara art, which was later endorsed by Manichaeism in order to facilitate the rapid propagation of Mani’s teaching. One can observe the oscillating movement of Greek visual representations from the East, with Greek sculptors and painters giving an iconic shape to the existing Buddhist tradition and later back to Christianity on Byzantine territory. These representations were later diluted in equal quantity in the style of Byzantine late antiquity and early medieval visuals.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125584033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of 1918 on Bulgaria","authors":"G. Ungureanu","doi":"10.32591/coas.ojsh.0301.01001u","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0301.01001u","url":null,"abstract":"Among the states that participated in World War I, Bulgaria is an interesting case, being the only Slavic and the only small state allied with the Central Powers. In addition, Bulgaria was the first member of the Quadruple Alliance that admitted their defeat with the Armistice of Thessaloniki (16/29 Sep 1918). The armistice signed in the Greek Macedonia capital ended not just Bulgaria’s three years involvement in the Great War, alongside Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, but also a longer period of violent confrontations if we include the two Balkan Wars too (1912-1913). After the implication in these successive conflicts, the small Slavic state had seen significant human and material losses (155,000 deaths on the battlefields, 400,000 wounded, and over 155,000 deaths due to diseases). One in six men aged 20 to 50 lost their lives during the period October 1912 to September 1918. The hereby study deals with the effects of these losses, sufferings and deprivations (doubled by the bitterness of defeat but also by hopes of winning the victor’s benevolence) at different layers: the army, the civilian population, the political life and the diplomacy. The study does not lack references to the “Dobrudjan Issue”, which dominated the Romanian-Bulgarian relations for almost the entire period 1878-1940. The bibliography includes contributions by prestigious specialists in Bulgarian and Balkan history, written or translated in Bulgarian, Romanian, English, French or Italian, completed with Romanian military documents.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130619541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hyperinflation in Yugoslavia: An Example in Monetary History","authors":"Milica Stojković","doi":"10.32591/coas.ojsh.0202.03043s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0202.03043s","url":null,"abstract":"Hyperinflation most often occurs at a time when the amount of money in circulation is increasing without the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) showing growth. Excessive printing of money from the monetary authority (central bank) in a country is a fundamental reason for hyperinflation. The case of hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in the early 1990s represents one of the largest hyperinflations in history. It was a time of wars in the former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and it is followed by sanctions imposed on FRY by the international community, for participation in war activities in the territories of other former SFRY Republics. Starting from 1992, the Yugoslav dinar experienced a hyperinflation episode which lasted for a total of 25 months. Prices are rising very fast, so that in late 1992 and in 1993, hyperinflation erupted, taking on almost unimaginable proportions. In the whole of 1993 prices went up by 116.5 thousand billion percent, and in the first three weeks of 1994 by 313 million percent.","PeriodicalId":138617,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal for Studies in History","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134215144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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