Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods最新文献

The Epigraphy of Honours: Epigraphic Habit and Honorific Culture at Delphi 荣誉铭文:德尔斐的铭文习惯与敬文文化

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_003

{"title":"The Epigraphy of Honours: Epigraphic Habit and Honorific Culture at Delphi","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004502499_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502499_003","url":null,"abstract":"Honorific culture is an important part of every city’s epigraphic habit, but in Delphi it is particularly remarkable.1 For over 1000 years, from the early sixth century BCE to the late fourth century CE, the local history of Delphi was one of honours and benefactions and of relationships with both the new territorial powers and the old inhabitants of the Mediterranean world. Delphic honorific texts (of all types) constitute over 43% of the total number of surviving inscriptions. Similarly high percentages of honorific documents are also discernible elsewhere, for instance in Olympia, Miletos, Ephesos, and Pergamon.2 In these places the evidence reveals that tituli honorarii are the most prevalent, while in Delphi honorary decrees constitute the vast majority of honorific texts.3 In this chapter, I pose the following questions regarding the honorific culture at Delphi: Why did the honorific culture constitute such a large share of epigraphic production? What internal and/or external factors shaped and influenced it? Was it a permanent trend or was it limited to particular periods? How did the Delphic honorific culture correspond to honorific habits in other poleis? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to look at the entire epigraphical output at Delphi, starting from c. 600 BCE when it began. The term ‘epigraphic habit’ was popularised by MacMullen in 1982 to describe the practice of recording the actions of Romans on stone.4 Since the publication of MacMullen’s paper, scholars have come to regard inscriptional activity as a cultural choice, rather than as a matter of routine. Over time, the phrase ‘epigraphic habit’ has been used more loosely, not to denote a habit that extends across public and private monuments, but to mark the increasing","PeriodicalId":136403,"journal":{"name":"Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128434621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Appendix 1: An Overview of Delphic History 附录1:德尔斐历史概述

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_010

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The Rhythms and Trends in Gift-Giving at Delphi 德尔菲送礼的节奏与趋势

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_004

{"title":"The Rhythms and Trends in Gift-Giving at Delphi","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004502499_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502499_004","url":null,"abstract":"After setting the honorific culture in the broader context of epigraphic habit, it is now appropriate to investigate the value of gifts granted at Delphi. At any point throughout the Hellenistic and Roman periods, honours and privileges bestowed within the Delphic temenos varied in terms of the prestige they carried and the type of their intended recipient, as the Delphic honorific system shifted to adapt to the changing social milieu. In this chapter, I set out to analyse the assembled material and discuss the momentum and particulars of such shifts. The driving research questions which will be addressed are (a) whether the body of evidence supports the existence of trends or rhythms in gift-giving at Delphi, or whether the whole concept of honorific practice remained fairly fluid, and (b) how the selected body of evidence from Delphi informs our understanding of the Panhellenic honorific practice, ‘the race for honours’, and the dynamics of competition. To address these questions, one must first consider the impetus behind the honorific practice itself and ask why the Greeks granted honours and privileges at all. The traditional answer to this question is that ‘[i]n the Greek world public honours were a way to reward citizens and foreigners for their benefactions as well as to encourage others to emulate the same virtuous conduct.’1 However, this understanding has been recently challenged by Domingo Gygax’s studies on the origins of euergetism. As Domingo Gygax observes, honours did not simply serve as post-factum emblems of social recognition for one’s contributions to the community, but they were also meant to elicit a response in the form of benefaction. In other words, gifts obliged recipients to reciprocate and elicited further and greater donations. When awarded in advance, honours held both the recipient and the granting community in a double bind.2 Honours thereby came to represent a kind of status-marking currency in the Hellenistic world which encouraged ever-increasing gestures of goodwill to both one’s own city-state and foreign communities.3","PeriodicalId":136403,"journal":{"name":"Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121419248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Appendix 2: Delphic Citizens Attested as Proxenoi of Other Cities and States 附录2:证明为其他城市和国家的公民的德尔菲公民

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_011

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Appendix 3: The Network of Delphic Honorands 附录3:德尔菲荣誉之网

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_012

Delphic Honorands

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The Delphic Proxeny Network 德尔菲Proxeny网络

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_005

{"title":"The Delphic Proxeny Network","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004502499_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502499_005","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the Delphic proxeny network serves as a case-study in order to demonstrate a particular honour ‘at work’. The chapter thereby bridges the discussion of the Delphic gift-giving system in Chapter 2 and that of the types and categories of honorands in Chapter 4, since it discusses a large group of recipients of Delphic proxenia. Although recent studies have produced impressive conclusions concerning the whole concept of Greek proxenia, Delphic proxenia in particular deserves further consideration for several reasons.1 Firstly, Delphi published over 700 proxeny records, which made it, together with Delos (239), Oropos (207) and Athens (151), by far the most prominent locations for publishing proxeny decrees.2 Mack, in his well-received study on proxenia, has thoroughly examined its meaning as well as the tasks and duties which proxenoi were expected to perform, so there is no need for another explanation of proxenia.3 What concerns me here is rather the unprecedented scale at which proxenia was granted in post-classical Delphi in comparison with other poleis, as well as the range of the Delphic proxeny network. Secondly, in contrast to hundreds of Delphic proxenoi, only twenty Delphic citizens became proxenoi of other communities. Why is this lack of proportion so significant? Why did the inhabitants of Delphi not perform the duties of proxenoi very often? Thirdly and lastly, proxenia was still being granted in Delphi during the imperial period, whilst in other parts of Greece it had generally lost its significance after the consolidation of the administrative system and the implantation of Roman policy in the East under Augustus.4 This allows Delphic proxenia to be examined within a much broader historical context. Mack provides us with a brief definition of proxenia in the preface to his study: ‘[p]roxenia was an honorific status granted to foreign benefactors which permitted poleis to establish permanent networks of these individuals (proxenoi), connecting them as communities to large numbers of other poleis and facilitating interactions between the citizens of different cities’. Mack also states later that proxenia: ‘[w]as based on a shared understanding of the proxenos as","PeriodicalId":136403,"journal":{"name":"Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114572729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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The Language of Honours 荣誉的语言

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_007

{"title":"The Language of Honours","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004502499_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502499_007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses typical language patterns in Delphic honorific documents (decrees and tituli honorarii) and their evolution over time, with a special focus on abbreviated decrees as Delphi’s special contribution to Greek epigraphic culture. Before proceeding to discuss these issues, however, it is important to stress that documents analysed within this chapter comprise only those found within the Delphic temenos and issued by the Delphic polis. Documents set up in Delphi by foreign communities will be discussed only in passing, as they represent foreign epigraphic traditions and formulae. Occasionally, I will consider certain decrees bestowed outside of Delphi as comparanda, but mainly by juxtaposing Delphic abbreviated decrees with foreign-issued abbreviated decrees in order to highlight innovations and idiosyncrasies in the Delphic epigraphic tradition. The process of granting honours is well known from the Athenian texts, the fundamentals of the process being similar across all Greek poleis.1 Customarily, a motion was put forward to the decision-making body and voted on; if the motion passed, then a decree was produced, summarising the contents of the motion in its motivation part. Once bestowed, honours were communicated to posterity through the medium of inscriptions.2 A careful reading of the preserved decrees reveals an enormous number of local variations in epigraphic patterns, which complicates any attempt to read coherent frameworks into this material. To fully unpack the Delphic language of honours, I will start my analysis by considering the standard formulae of Delphic honorific decrees.3","PeriodicalId":136403,"journal":{"name":"Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods","volume":"284 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121512912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Appendix 5: Proposers of Motions 附录5:动议的提案人

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_014

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Honorific Communities: the Recipients of Gifts at Delphi 尊敬的社区:德尔菲礼物的接受者

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_006

{"title":"Honorific Communities: the Recipients of Gifts at Delphi","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004502499_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502499_006","url":null,"abstract":"Since honorific culture includes both honours and their recipients, this chapter supplements Chapters 2 and 3 by considering the recipients of Delphic gifts. The two previous chapters have discussed trends and tendencies in granting privileges at Delphi and the range of the Delphic proxeny network. In this chapter, the focus is placed on the profession, social background and gender of those praised with honours at Delphi. The following key questions concern the evolution of the categories of honorands and the status of the recipients of Delphic gifts. How many honorands belonged to the royal circle and imperial family, and how many belonged to the upper echelons of their communities? How did Delphi position itself with regard to both the dominant Hellenistic monarchs, and, later, to Rome and its emperors? What were the gender dynamics of the honorands at Delphi? And how many of the overall honorands were collective as opposed to individual honorands? By going beyond conventional discussions on the types of honorands granted gifts in Greece, I will once again turn to Mack’s concept of the network to examine honorands who originated from remote and neighbouring territories.1 Mack identifies three types of regional interaction between poleis: (a) a narrow network; (b) a network with more distant regions; and (c) a wide network.2 Within the narrow network of Delphic honorands one should include","PeriodicalId":136403,"journal":{"name":"Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122795050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Appendix 4: Roman Emperors and Family Members Praised at Delphi by Citizens of Delphi and the Amphictyony 附录4:罗马皇帝和家族成员在特尔斐受到特尔斐市民的赞扬

Honorific Culture at Delphi in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/9789004502499_013

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