{"title":"Consequences of Sport-Imposed Weight Restriction in Childhood","authors":"N. Boisseau","doi":"10.1159/000093014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000093014","url":null,"abstract":"Today, young competitors undertake training programs including a high level of physical activity from an early age. This intensive training (volume and intensity) increases energy expenditure which has to be compensated by a greater nutritional intake. Ballet dancers, figure skaters, gymnasts or rhythmic gymnasts start training at the age of 5–6 years and most of them practice more than 20–30 h/week. In these activities, as well as for weight-class sports (wrestlers, jockeys, judo or boxing athletes), young elite athletes make conscious decisions to reduce food intakes to maintain the slender, pre-pubertal physique or to ‘make weight’. Adequate energy and micronutrient intakes are essential for growing children, and caloric and fluid restrictions during physical training in childhood or during adolescence could disturb metabolic and hormonal regulations affecting growth, maturation, body composition, menstrual cycle and reproductive capacity, and may increase the risk of injuries such as stress fractures. Furthermore, these strategies may develop eating disorders (anorexia and/or bulimia nervosa), especially during female adolescence, affecting body image, self-image and developing social and emotional maladjustments.","PeriodicalId":136112,"journal":{"name":"Annales Nestlé (English ed.)","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116413156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Hernell, M. Lentze, M. Makrides, F. Ruemmele, N. Solomons, H. Szajewska, B. Lönnerdal, S. Grantham‐McGregor, H. Baker-Henningham, Maria Andersson, R. Hurrell, K. Schümann, Satz Mengensatzproduktion, D. R. Basel
{"title":"Title Page / Table of Contents / Policy Statement","authors":"O. Hernell, M. Lentze, M. Makrides, F. Ruemmele, N. Solomons, H. Szajewska, B. Lönnerdal, S. Grantham‐McGregor, H. Baker-Henningham, Maria Andersson, R. Hurrell, K. Schümann, Satz Mengensatzproduktion, D. R. Basel","doi":"10.1159/000087859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000087859","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136112,"journal":{"name":"Annales Nestlé (English ed.)","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114254300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Immune and Autoimmune Enteropathies","authors":"P. Sherman, E. Cutz, O. Goulet","doi":"10.1159/000086495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000086495","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmune enteropathy characteristically presents in infancy with protracted diarrhea. Underlying disorders of immune function, including regulatory T cells, must be excluded. Treatment options include nutritional rehabilitation, immune suppression, and, in select cases, bone marrow transplant.","PeriodicalId":136112,"journal":{"name":"Annales Nestlé (English ed.)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132245431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Congenital Enteropathy and Intestinal Transplantation","authors":"O. Goulet","doi":"10.1159/000086497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000086497","url":null,"abstract":"Intestinal failure (IF) requires the use of parenteral nutrition (PN). Causes of severe protracted IF include short bowel syndrome, severe motility disorders (total or subtotal aganglionosis or chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndrome) and congenital diseases of enterocyte development. Severe liver disease may develop in patients with IF as a consequence of both underlying digestive disease and unadapted PN. Catheter-related sepsis and/or extensive vascular thrombosis may impede the continuation of safe and efficient PN. Thus management of patients with IF requires early recognition of the condition and the analysis of its risk of irreversibility. Timing of referral for intestinal transplantation remains a crucial issue. As a consequence, management should include therapies adapted to each stage of IF based on a multidisciplinary approach in centers involving pediatric gastroenterology, PN expertise, home-PN program, pediatric surgery, liver-intestinal transplantation program.","PeriodicalId":136112,"journal":{"name":"Annales Nestlé (English ed.)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125449978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intractable Diarrhoea due to Congenital Enterocyte Defects","authors":"A. Phillips","doi":"10.1159/000086496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000086496","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intractable diarrhoea of infancy represents a severe problem with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. These cases demand dedicated care from both parents and medical staff as there are no easy remedies. The rarity of patients indicates that progress in understanding these disorders requires concerted international efforts to pool resources and patients. Regular reviews of publications in the field are required to disseminate advances and to air hypotheses and diagnostic criteria. Methods: This is a review of current and previous literature on congenital enterocyte defects. Results: Discrete diagnoses are possible within this syndrome, and diagnostic criteria are becoming accepted. Cases are being reported on a world-wide basis, and differences in clinical course are becoming apparent with amelioration of severity in some instances. However, a high level of morbidity and mortality remains. Conclusions: There is still a long way to go in determining the underlying basis of the disorders. However, the promise of determining the genetic basis of the diseases is becoming a reality as molecular genetic analyses are performed. This is a priority as it should afford clearer diagnostic criteria, clarify disease relationships and give much need pathogenic information.","PeriodicalId":136112,"journal":{"name":"Annales Nestlé (English ed.)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122914862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Persistent Diarrhea in Developing Countries","authors":"Z. Bhutta","doi":"10.1159/000086498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000086498","url":null,"abstract":"Globally diarrheal diseases account for almost a fifth of all deaths of children under 5 years, with an estimated 2.2 million deaths annually. Of these deaths, a significant proportion are related to episodes of persistent diarrhea (PD; defined as diarrhea of >14 days with growth faltering). PD has been shown to identify children with a substantially increased diarrheal burden. These account for 36–54% of all diarrhea-related deaths. Although the exact pathogenesis of PD remains unclear, most episodes are related to prior acute infectious diarrhea with prolongation of the most recent episode. This may be related to several host factors such as preexisting undernutrition, micronutrient deficiency, immune deficiency and inappropriate therapy of the most recent acute diarrheal episode. The common final event appears to be prolonged intestinal mucosal injury and ineffective repair. In contrast to post-infectious PD, some infants may have severe intractable diarrhea due to a variety of disorders, many of which have a hereditary basis. These now form the dominant type of prolonged diarrhea in developed countries. The management of PD depends upon close attention to nutritional rehabilitation and early recognition of complications. Although a variety of pathogens have been associated with PD, there is little role for oral antimicrobial therapy in the routine treatment of PD. However, attention to rehydration, appropriate screening and treatment of systemic infections and enteral nutrition rehabilitation with easily digestible diets are critical in managing such children, frequently in ambulatory settings. Administration of zinc and vitamin A may shorten the duration of PD and also help reduce recurrences. However, the most important preventive strategies for PD are exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life, continued breast feeding for 2 years with appropriate complementary feeding and optimal management of acute diarrheal episodes.","PeriodicalId":136112,"journal":{"name":"Annales Nestlé (English ed.)","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127591817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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