{"title":"Statistics for the chess computer and the factor of mobility","authors":"E. Slater","doi":"10.1109/TIT.1953.1188565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1953.1188565","url":null,"abstract":"Shannon (1950a) has argued that the problem of providing a programme for a chess-playing computer is of theoretical interest, and its use might lead to a wide range of practical developments. The problem is also interesting psychologically. If the human and the mechanical players are to play the same game, they will each have to be directed by concepts which have a certain equivalence. But the concepts used by the skilled human chess-player are both subtle and complex, and for the purpose of programming a computer they will have to be reduced to their simplest form. Chess-masters are, as a class, men of considerable general intellectual ability, and come from the ranks of professional men, mathematicians, scientists, lawyers, etc. They have in addition a special ability. Very few chess-masters, who began the game early, did not show unusual excellence at it at a very early age. The specific chess ability begins to show itself, given the opportunity, at about the age of eleven. Furthermore, there are few, if any, chess-masters who cannot play blindfold, and play many games at once, achievements which are entirely beyond the powers of the ordinary player. The order of intellectual activity which we are required to reduce to simple terms is therefore of a superior kind.","PeriodicalId":134468,"journal":{"name":"Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131383047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discussion on Dr. Shannon's papers","authors":"C. Shannon","doi":"10.1109/TIT.1953.1188581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1953.1188581","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134468,"journal":{"name":"Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116601377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The statistical approach to the analysis of time-series","authors":"M. Bartlett","doi":"10.1109/TIT.1953.1188570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1953.1188570","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of statistics are broadly classified into problems of specification and problems of inference, and a brief recapitulation is given of some standard methods in statistics, based on the use of the probability p (S/H) of the data S on the specification H (or on the use of the equivalent likelihood function). The general problems of specification and inference for time-series are then also briefly surveyed. To conclude Part I, the relation is examined between the information (entropy) concept used in communication theory, associated with specification, and Fisher's information concept used in statistics, associated with inference. In Part II some detailed methods of analysis are described with special reference to stationary time-series. The first method is concerned with the analysis of probability chains (in which the variable X can assume only a finite number of values or 'states', and the time t is discrete). The next section deals with autoregressive and autocorrelation analysis, for series defined either for discrete or continuous time, including proper allowance for sampling fluctuations; in particular, least-squares estimation of unknown coefficients in linear autogressive representations, and Quenouille's goodness of fit test for the correlogram, are illustrated. Harmonic or periodogram analysis is theoretically equivalent to autocorrelation analysis, but in the case of time-series with continuous spectra is valueless in practice without some smoothing device, owing to the peculiar distributional properties of the observed periodogram; one such arithmetical device is described in Section 7. Finally the precise use of the likelihood function (when available) is illustrated by reference to two different theoretical series giving rise to the same autocorrelation function.","PeriodicalId":134468,"journal":{"name":"Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1953-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123692603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A history of the theory of information","authors":"E. Colin Cherry","doi":"10.1109/TIT.1953.1188557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1953.1188557","url":null,"abstract":"The paper mentions first some essential points about the early development of languages, codes and symbolism, picking out those fundamental points in human communication which have recently been summarized by precise mathematical theory. A survey of telegraphy and telephony development leads to the need for “economy,” which has given rise to various systems of signal compression. Hartley's early theory of communication is summarized, and Gabor's theory of signal structure is described.Modern statistical theory of Wiener and Shannon, by which “information” may be expressed quantitatively, is shown to be a logical extension of Hartley's work. A Section on calculating machines and brains attempts to clear up popular misunderstandings and to separate definite accomplishments in mechanization of thought processes from mere myths.Finally, a generalization of the work over the whole field of scientific observation is shown, and evidence which supports the view that “information plus entropy is an important invariant of a physical system” is included.","PeriodicalId":134468,"journal":{"name":"Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1951-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116889664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hearing","authors":"T. Gold","doi":"10.1109/TIT.1953.1188563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1953.1188563","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134468,"journal":{"name":"Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128661710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A bibliography of Information Theory (communication theory-cybernetics)","authors":"F. Stumpers","doi":"10.1109/IREPGIT.1953.6373445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IREPGIT.1953.6373445","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":134468,"journal":{"name":"Trans. IRE Prof. Group Inf. Theory","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124595035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}