{"title":"Distributed Power Architecture Concepts","authors":"M. E. Jacobs, F. F. Kunzinger","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794104","url":null,"abstract":"For critical electronic equipment applications such as PBXs (Private Branch Exchanges), system reliability is as important an index of performance as equipment first cost. To minimize the effects of power failures on overall reliability, duplicate systems may be used to power the same loads. However, in today's tight economy, such redundant configurations are often not a cost-effective alternative. Distributed power architectures are designed to meet this dual challenge of low cost and high reliability. A distributed powering arrangement divides the system load into several groups, each powered by its own power conversion unit, to limit the effect of isolated power component failures on total system operation. The result is an economical fault-tolerant system. This paper discusses cost and reliability factors for distributed power architectures.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123144345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Power MOS Technology Invades Telecom","authors":"R. Blanchard, Chris J. Tubis, W. Buchanan","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794164","url":null,"abstract":"The steady march of semiconductor device technology is most publicized in the high density, low-voltage digital area. Another area, power control and power conversion technology, is moving forward as rapidly, but in a less visible fashion. This paper discusses the progress being made in power MOS device and circuit technology and its impact on power control. The development of new devices and integrated circuits is emphasized. These devices include depletion-mode MOSPOWER transistors, MOS-gated 4-layer devices, and low on-resistance MOSPOWER transistors. Specific device applications in power conversion circuits are covered. Integrated circuits for use in Telecommunications Power Conversion systems are also discussed. One new I.C., a one-watt 48-to-5 volt monolithic S.M.P.S., is presented as an example of the types of circuits that are becoming available.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127368434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Large Parallel UPS Systems Utilizing PWM Technology","authors":"John Calvin Reed, N. Sharma","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794138","url":null,"abstract":"In the past large Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) applications requiring parallel operation of Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) inverters was not practical. New developments in PWM logic design have made load sharing of PWM inverters very precise. This paper addresses the critical factors of the inverter and system design which permit parallel operation and enhancement of system reliability. Taking full advantage of the PWM technique in control of an inverter is discussed. New methods of accomplishing parallel operation are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to improving the \"fault tolerance\" capabilities of a UPS system. The paper discusses in detail the design of a parallel-redundant UPS system which eliminates some of the \"single point failure modes\" present in most UPS system configurations. The logic design which permits precision sharing of load currents between parallel inverter; and, the methods of removing faulted inverters from the common bus are presented. Actual operating sequences are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system design and the improved fault tolerance characteristics.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122218710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Designing and Evaluating Distributed Power Processing Systems for Reliability and Maintainability","authors":"Sarah J. Gottlieb-Hecht","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794106","url":null,"abstract":"A method for measuring the reliability and maintainability of distributed power-processing systems is presented. The method utilizes a set of figures of merit which faithfully reflect both the service availability of the system and the impact on service, due to any possible system failures. The procedure used to calculate these figures of merit along with their concomitant cost, is explained. The entire method has been incorporated in a new computer program, which automatically evaluates the cost, reliability, and maintainability performance-of proposed distributed power-processing designs. With the benefit of this program, enough experience has been obtained to suggest a number of design effects and design rules for various architectural features of distributed systems.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128663009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microprocessor Control of Power Plants - Needs and System Aspects","authors":"K.E. Smedman, R. Svensk, M. Eriksson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794153","url":null,"abstract":"The telephone switching offices in Sweden range from very large city exchanges down to small units in sparsely populated areas. There is an ongoing effort to increase the number of exchanges being operated unmanned and to reduce the amount of visits to the stations for operation and maintenance work e.g. at the power supply installation. This paper will show how these needs can be fulfilled by using a microprocessor control system intended for small exchanges and concentrators as well as for supervision of our largest installations. A system layout is described which offers selective information regarding alarm and operation state of the power supply equipment and which is independent of the power equipment make. It is also shown how the system design takes advantage of the alarm routines of the switching equipment in order to achieve an integrated operation organisation.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"248 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126989166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Microprocessor-Controlled System Battery Plant: A New Concept in Central Office Power","authors":"H. Menkes, L. A. Pohl","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794131","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the design features, architecture, and benefits of a modular Microprocessor-Controlled System (MCS) battery plant. The Microprocessor-Controlled System battery plant is a computer-based energy system that provides efficient dc power for telephone central office telecommunications equipment. The MCS battery plant uses a microprocessor-based controller and associated firmware in a flexible, modular hardware design to provide a systems solution for reducing energy, maintenance, training, engineering, and capital expenses. The MCS controller executes an energy efficiency algorithm that matches the number and capacities of its controlled ferro-resonant rectifiers to the actual current requirements of the office load. This enables the MCS controller to maintain the plant at optimal efficiency without sacrificing reliability or creating nuisance alarms. Diagnostic routines allow the controller to test and evaluate itself and many of the other components of the battery plant. Plant status and diagnostic information are displayed on the controller front panel or a remote terminal in user-friendly language. A remote terminal makes it unnecessary to visit the battery plant location except for maintenance and repair. The flexible, modular design of the MCS battery plant allows a wide range of current capacities and configurations. Therefore, the plant can begin small and, as demands require, capacity and hardware and software features can be added in cost-effective increments. This add-on capability and the ability to remotely access accurate plant operating data eliminate the guesswork that leads to excess capacity and reduced operating efficiency.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114453198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. P. Clark, J. L. Chamberlin, K. R. Grothaus, K. D. Murphy
{"title":"Prospects for Advanced Storage Battery Technologies","authors":"R. P. Clark, J. L. Chamberlin, K. R. Grothaus, K. D. Murphy","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794159","url":null,"abstract":"Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is responsible for the development of advanced storage battery technologies for the Energy Storage Division of the United States Department of Energy (DOE). This activity is designated as the Exploratory Technology Development and Testing (ETD) Project. In its ETD Lead Center capacity, SNL manages external development contracts and performs in-house applied research and battery testing. SNL's responsibility is to fill the gap between the basic research activities of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Technology Base Research Project, also funded by DOE, and the product engineering capabilities of industry. The objective of the ETD project is to develop and evaluate high-performance, long-life, economical' and reliable rechargeable batteries for future mobile and stationary energy storage applications. Advanced battery systems of interest to the ETD Project are sealed lead-acid, zinc/bromine, zinc/chlonrne, zinc/femrcyanide, iron/chromium Redox, nickel/hydrogen, sodium/sulfur, and lithium/metal sulfide. The overall goal of the ETD program is to develop advanced electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems that will facilitate the use of more abundant energy sources and increase the efficiency of energy use in the US. Advanced battery storage systems can play an important role in the substitution of coal and nuclear energy for oil and natural gas supplies. Advanced battery system applications fall into two general categories: mobile and stationary energy storage. Mobile applications include electric vehicles (EV), such as passenger cars, vans, buses, forklifts, industrial transports, rail engines, and hybrid vehicles. The most stnrngent battery requirements are for the mobile applications, which demand high-specific energy and power, high-energy density, long cycle lives, random depth-of-discharge cycling capability, and tolerance to vehicle environments. The stationary applications encompass","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128111743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Family of Universal Customer Power Units","authors":"K. Banfield","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794109","url":null,"abstract":"The change from electro-mechanical to electronic telecommunications equipment for non exchange installations has created the requirement for office-compatible standby power systems. British Telecom (BT) use a standard range of switch-mode power conversion units and sealed lead-acid batteries whicb can be assembled into custom-built power systems with any desired input, output and reliability.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133656018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Long Life Totally Maintenance Free Modular Battery for Telecommunications Standby Power","authors":"Joseph F. Giovannini","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794094","url":null,"abstract":"Lead-acid storage batteries are used extensively in the Telecommunications industry as a source of standby power in the event that utility supplied electrical power, is for whatever reason, interrupted. Lead-acid batteries offer many advantages over alternative power sources, the most important one being low cost, reliable power. However, despite all of their inherent advantages, they do possess several unpleasant shortcomings, especially from the user's point of view. During charging, water contained in the electrolyte of lead acid batteries is electro-chemically broken down into hydrogen and oxygen gas which escapes into the atmosphere. This characteristic creates the need to periodically replace lost water, and to provide adequate means to remove the dangerous gasses that are released. Furthermore, as the gasses are emitted from the cells, acidic mist is carried with them, which causes corrosion of battery hardware, racks and any equipment which is located nearby to the battery. These idiosyncrasies have lead users of lead acid batteries to contain them in isolated rooms, separate from the telecommunications equipment which they support. Finally, conventional lead acid cells are installed on steel racks to make up a battery, which is a costly, labor intensive process. Also, the steel rack packaging concept requires a large amount of floor space leading to increased battery room sizes. A new lead acid battery, utilizing the principal of oxygen recombination, has been developed which solves all of the problems previously associated with conventional batteries, as listed above.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124063926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Automatic Switching of AC Power in Larger Telephone Exchanges Equipped with Standby Generating Equipment","authors":"Hermann A. Spicker","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1984.4794122","url":null,"abstract":"A concept of switchgear with drawout air circuit breakers used as transfer equipment between commercial utility power and a stand-by power plant is described. The advantages of drawout type air circuit breakers are discussed over the use of commercially available automatic transfer switches. This applies especially to larger exchanges in metropolitan areas. Pictures of actual installations are included to show physical arrangements of transfer breakers and distribution breakers in different combinations. Single line schematics of the equipment shown in the photos are also included. In the second half of the paper the transfer breaker concept is developed further, and the emphasis is on control coordination between the switchgear and the diesel engine or turbine generator system, so that the switchgear and the stand-by power service become a controlled entity with emphasis on ultimate reliability of the AC power in an unattended environment. In conclusion, multi-engine systems are discussed with their special control requirements: Automatic and manual engine generators on common bus, bus systems with tie breakers when used with multiple automatic stand-by sets, as well as multiple units with automatic synchronizing features and their special control considerations. Again, single line diagrams are used to show the systems discussed.","PeriodicalId":132848,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC '84 - International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129941973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}