Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)最新文献

Utilization of Actinomycetes to increase phosphate availability at different soil moisture conditions in Andisols Namanteran, North Sumatera 利用放线菌提高北苏门答腊纳曼特兰安地斯不同土壤湿度条件下的磷酸盐利用率

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.77785

M. R. Alfikri, T. Sabrina, A. Sahar

{"title":"Utilization of Actinomycetes to increase phosphate availability at different soil moisture conditions in Andisols Namanteran, North Sumatera","authors":"M. R. Alfikri, T. Sabrina, A. Sahar","doi":"10.22146/ipas.77785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.77785","url":null,"abstract":"The high phosphate retention in Andisols causes the availability of P to be low, can not be absorbed by plants. Actinomycetes are capable of solubilizing bound phosphates. This research aimed to identify Actinomycetes in Andisols Namanteran, assess their ability to increase phosphate availability, and understand how they work to increase phosphate availability in this soil. The research design used a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors; factor 1 was Actinomycetes isolate, consisting of A₀ = No Inoculant, A₁ = Inoculant A₁₃₂ (vegetable crops; 32 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹), A₂ = A₄₆₈ (forest plants; 41 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹), A₃ = A₄₅₈ (forest plant; 58 × 10⁸ CFUmL⁻¹), A₄ = A₄₇₁ (coffee plant; 35 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹), A₅ = A₄₅₉ (forest plant; 63 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹), A₆ = A₃₂₁ (hibiscus plant; 37 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹), and A₇ = A₃₅₆ (vegetable plant; 33 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹), and factor 2 was soil water content, consisting of K₁ = 50%, K₂ = 75% and K₃ = 100% of field capacity. The results showed that the availability of P in Andisols increased due to the application of Actinomycetes from 42.46 ppm to 159.20−266.60 ppm. The population of Actinomycetes in Actinomycetes treatment ranged from 27.33−31.58 × 10⁸ CFU mL⁻¹), with a soil pH of 4.41. Water content of 100% was the best in increasing soil pH and Actinomycetes population, but not having significant effects on the available P of the soil. The results of molecular identification of Actinomycetes that have the best potential in dissolving P include A₃>A₅>A₂>A₄>A₁.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":"88 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Genotyping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants according to their root distribution pattern and their tolerance to drought 根据水稻（Oryza sativa L.）植株的根系分布模式及其对干旱的耐受性进行基因分型

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.84677

Adin Novitasari, I. A. Rumanti, R. H. Wening, D. Damanhuri

{"title":"Genotyping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants according to their root distribution pattern and their tolerance to drought","authors":"Adin Novitasari, I. A. Rumanti, R. H. Wening, D. Damanhuri","doi":"10.22146/ipas.84677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.84677","url":null,"abstract":"Drought condition is one of the major problems in producing rice in Indonesia. In plant breeding, selection is the main step to create superior varieties. An indicator of drought stress-tolerant rice varieties is the root distribution pattern because it describes the behavior of the roots in searching for water for photosynthesis and metabolism processes. One of the morphological traits related to drought tolerance in rice is root growth and development. This study aimed to determine the morphological and anatomical characteristics of drought-tolerant rice roots and identify drought-tolerant genotypes. The experiments were arranged in a factorial randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was genotype, consisting of ten genotypes. The second factor was drought stress, consisting of two environments without drought and with drought stress. Drought was given only in the vegetative phase, i.e., 1–14 days after planting. WINDEX analysis was performed to determine rice drought tolerance and identify drought-tolerant genotypes. The results showed that three out of the ten tested genotypes had higher WINDEX values, namely BP30411f (7.62), B13983-KA-6-3 (7.99), and BP29790d-PWK-2-SKI-1-3 (9.25). Based on the root distribution pattern, plants with longer primary root lengths, more seminal roots, longer seminal root lengths, and high root angles were predicted to be drought tolerant characteristics. Selection of these characters could be used in future rice breeding programs to obtain plants with superior genotypes.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":"37 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138946890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of mycorrhiza and phosphate fertilizers on the growth and yield of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) under drought stress conditions 菌根和磷肥对干旱胁迫条件下狐尾黍（Setaria italica L.）生长和产量的影响

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.71822

Anissatul Laili, O. Herliana, Ahadiyat Yugi Rahayu, Wilis Cahyani, Ahmad Fauzi

{"title":"Effects of mycorrhiza and phosphate fertilizers on the growth and yield of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) under drought stress conditions","authors":"Anissatul Laili, O. Herliana, Ahadiyat Yugi Rahayu, Wilis Cahyani, Ahmad Fauzi","doi":"10.22146/ipas.71822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.71822","url":null,"abstract":"Millet is a cereal plant that’s potential for rice substitution. This plant is adaptive to be cultivated in dry land but has a tolerance limit to drought stress. Mycorrhiza and phospate (P) fertilizer treatments help plants adapt to this condition. This study aimed to determine the effects of phosphate fertilizer and mycorrhiza as well as their interaction effects on the growth and yield of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) under drought stress. The experiment was carried out from January to June 2020 in the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jenderal Soedirman. The research was arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design consisting of two factors. The first factor was the dose of SP-36 fertilizer per polybag, namely P0 = 0 g, P1 = 37,5 kg.ha⁻¹ (25%), P2 = 75 kg.ha⁻¹ = 0.88 g/polybag (50%), and P3 = 150 kg.ha⁻¹. The second factor was the dose of mycorrhiza biofertilizer, namely M0 = 0 g.polibag⁻¹, M1 = 33.3 g. polibag⁻¹ and M2 = 66.6 g.polybag⁻¹. The treatment was replicated three times. The data observed were analyzed using the F test, continued with DMRT test at p=0.05. The results showed that SP-36 fertilizer application at half of the recommended dose (0.88 g/polybag) could increase growth variables, such as leaf area, panicle length, and seed weight. Mycorrhizae application 33.3 g/polybag could improve variables such as plant height, leaf area, panicle length, and seed weight. It also accelerated the initiation of panicle emergence compared to control.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":"22 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of seed soaking with plant growth regulators combination on the aggregation ability of shallot from seeds 用植物生长调节剂组合浸种对大葱种子聚集能力的影响

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.90993

R. Pangestuti, E. Sulistyaningsih, B. Kurniasih, R. H. Murti

{"title":"Effects of seed soaking with plant growth regulators combination on the aggregation ability of shallot from seeds","authors":"R. Pangestuti, E. Sulistyaningsih, B. Kurniasih, R. H. Murti","doi":"10.22146/ipas.90993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.90993","url":null,"abstract":"The true seed of shallot (TSS) is an alternative technology to boost high-quality seeds, farming cost efficiency, and shallot productivity in Indonesia. Despite the advantages of TSS, including extended shelf life and lower seed requirements, farmer and consumer acceptance remains limited due to the genetic and physiological constraints leading to single and large-sized bulbs, as an effect of low aggregation ability. This caused shallot bulbs from TSS to have a low price and were not suitable for use as seed bulbs. This research addresses challenges in shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) production from TSS by investigating the impact of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) treatments and different soaking time on shallot growth and aggregation ability of 'Tuk Tuk' planting from TSS. The study in Yogyakarta employed a split-plot randomized block design from July to November 2018. The main plot varied the PGRs combination (9 treatment), while the subplot used the soaking time of 4 hours and 12 hours. The results indicated that a GA₃ concentration of 100 ppm, in synergy with NAA at 50 ppm for 12 hours, effectively enhanced aggregation compared to another treatment. Notably, the 'Tuk Tuk' shallot, characterized by low aggregation ability, demonstrated improved potential through seed treatment by PGRs, which could raise the number of bulbs from one to an average of two bulbs per plant. This study enhanced shallot aggregation ability, providing valuable insights for research and developing shallot production from true seeds in Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":"61 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Drought tolerance selection of several tomato varieties by using polyethylene glycol 利用聚乙二醇对多个番茄品种进行耐旱性筛选

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.80278

S. Avivi, Novrida Yanti Sitompul, T. A. Siswoyo, Mohammad Ubaidillah

{"title":"Drought tolerance selection of several tomato varieties by using polyethylene glycol","authors":"S. Avivi, Novrida Yanti Sitompul, T. A. Siswoyo, Mohammad Ubaidillah","doi":"10.22146/ipas.80278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.80278","url":null,"abstract":"A prolonged dry season can cause drought stress and have an unfavorable impact on the growth of tomato plants, resulting in crop failure. Therefore, research is needed on the resistance of tomato varieties to drought stress. The recommended technique for drought resistance screening in tomatoes is in vitro cultivation using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). The research aimed to obtain new varieties that could be used as promising lines for varieties tolerant to drought stress. The research method used included using ingredients in the form of 5 varieties of tomatoes (Ratna, Intan, Chung, Palupi, and Amelia) and 5 concentrations of PEG chemicals (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Each seed of each tomato variety that had been sterilized using hypochlorite was germinated on MS0 media, then the germinated seeds with a size of ± 0.3 cm were transferred to MS0 + PEG treatment medium with each treatment concentration. The seeds that had been planted on the PEG-treated medium were then observed for growth for ± 4 weeks. The research data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed with DMRT at the 5% significance level. Based on the results, Palupi variety is the most tolerant variety, and Ratna variety is the most intolerant variety to drought stress. The higher the concentration of PEG used, the more it inhibits plant height, root length, and fresh weight of the roots.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of seed size and nursery media on the germination and seedling growth of Plukenetia conophora 种子大小和育苗介质对锥花栗属发芽和幼苗生长的影响

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.80771

N. Onwubiko, Raymond Onyedikachi Enwereji

引用次数: 0

The role of mycorrhiza and humic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of faba bean plant under different fertilizer regimes 不同肥料制度下菌根和腐植酸对蚕豆植物数量和质量性状的影响

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.88272

Mandana Mirbakhsh, Seyedeh Sara SOHRABİ SEDEH

{"title":"The role of mycorrhiza and humic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of faba bean plant under different fertilizer regimes","authors":"Mandana Mirbakhsh, Seyedeh Sara SOHRABİ SEDEH","doi":"10.22146/ipas.88272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.88272","url":null,"abstract":"In sustainable agricultural ecosystem management, a key focus is on minimizing chemical fertilizer use and maximizing the use of non-chemical alternatives. Our study was designed to explore the impact of mycorrhizal fungi and humic acid (HA) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of faba beans under varying chemical fertilizer levels. The experiment involved different treatments, which included HA and mycorrhiza in four variations (control, HA, HA+ mycorrhiza, and mycorrhiza alone), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers at three different dosages (50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended amount). The findings revealed that combining HA with mycorrhiza significantly influenced root colonization, with the highest chlorophyll a concentration (1.58 mg g⁻¹) observed in the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment at 75% NPK. This treatment also led to the highest counts in seeds per pod, number of pods, and weight of 100 seeds. Between the 100% and 75% NPK levels in the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment, no significant differences were noted in terms of grain and biological yield. The greatest grain yields were measured at 4356 kg ha⁻¹ and 4322 kg ha⁻¹ for the HA+ mycorrhiza treatment at 100% and 75% NPK, respectively. Additionally, the highest concentrations of Fe, N, P, K, and Zn were observed with the HA+ mycorrhiza application at the 100% NPK level.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":"19 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of different soil management styles and cropping practices on the yield and quality of fava bean (Vicia faba L.) 不同土壤管理方式和种植方式对蚕豆产量和品质的影响

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.86332

Somayeh Karami

{"title":"Effects of different soil management styles and cropping practices on the yield and quality of fava bean (Vicia faba L.)","authors":"Somayeh Karami","doi":"10.22146/ipas.86332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.86332","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to determine the effects of various soil tillage techniques and the use of organic and chemical fertilizers on the overall yield and quality of fava beans. The study emphasized the significance of fertilizer types and their interaction with soil tillage methods. Although the quantity of grains per pod was notably influenced by the choice of fertilizers, the impact of soil tillage alone was found to be insignificant. Moreover, this study demonstrated that the yield index of fava beans was significantly influenced by fertilizer sources, emphasizing the importance of proper nitrogen managements. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing crop production and quality through optimized soil tillage practices and the use of organic and chemical fertilizers. Through an examination of both the measurable and qualitative elements of fava bean cultivation, this study offers valuable knowledge on how to optimize the application of nitrogen fertilizers and effectively utilize mycorrhizal inoculation to improve grain yield and seed quality. These findings have implications for sustainable agriculture practices and guide farmers and researchers in making informed decisions regarding soil management strategies in fava bean cultivation.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45671279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of husk charcoal and watering on the biochemical and physiological properties of coix millet (Coix lacryma jobi L.) during vegetative phase 谷壳炭和水分处理对谷子营养期生理生化特性的影响

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.79244

Fadillatunnisa Fadillatunnisa, D. Indradewa, E. Putra

{"title":"Effects of husk charcoal and watering on the biochemical and physiological properties of coix millet (Coix lacryma jobi L.) during vegetative phase","authors":"Fadillatunnisa Fadillatunnisa, D. Indradewa, E. Putra","doi":"10.22146/ipas.79244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.79244","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous climate change increases the number of droughts in some areas, thereby affecting agricultural production. Cultivation of coix millet (Jali plant in Indonesian) is profitable because of its high adaptability to drought stress, and its seeds have the potential to be used as food due to their benefits for body health. The application of organic matter, namely husk charcoal, was chosen to increase agricultural production under drought stress. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of husk charcoal on the biochemical and physiological properties of coix millet during vegetative phase under drought stress and to determine the longest watering interval the plant can tolerate. Research was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of three watering intervals (every two, four, and six days). The sub-plots consisted of three doses of husk charcoal, namely 0 g polybag⁻¹ (0 tons ha⁻¹), 32 g polybag⁻¹ (10 tons ha⁻¹), and 64 g polybag⁻¹ (20 tons ha⁻¹). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tested using Duncan's Multiple Distance Test (DMRT) at a significant level of 5%. The results showed that husk charcoal could increase the chlorophyll content in plants experiencing drought stress. The longest watering interval that could be tolerated by coix millet given husk charcoal at the optimal dose (64 g polybag⁻¹) was once every four days.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46562634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Principal component analysis (PCA) on temporal changes of soil health indicators 土壤健康指标随时间变化的主成分分析

Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.22146/ipas.85271

Fakher Kardoni

{"title":"Principal component analysis (PCA) on temporal changes of soil health indicators","authors":"Fakher Kardoni","doi":"10.22146/ipas.85271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ipas.85271","url":null,"abstract":"Soil health indicators are related to environmental factors, such as nutrient management, crop practices, different cropping systems, and biodiversity. 14 soil health indicators were measured and compared in our study to clarify the impact of different cropping system on soil quality. The primary comparisons were carried out among perennial plants, annual plants, and cover cropping, with an examination of the tillage system and fertilization taken into account during the analysis. Multivariant analysis recorded that the most promising indicators of soil health that related to soil quality and health were organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), followed by fall soil total nitrogen (TN). The main factor for clustering treatments based on indicators was N fertilization according to Euclidean distance that was applied to measure similarity of the groups. Although perennials and cover crops recorded more carbon sequestration and TC improvement, corn crops showed the worse impact on soil pH and bulk density (BD). Non-tillage practices significantly increased wet aggregate and soil moisture. The combination of TC field measurements with long-term cropping systems information has improved our understanding of how different cropping practices influence SOC improvement in soil full profile. It would develop appropriate and cost-effective agricultural management activities, maintain or improve carbon soil accumulation to guide farmer decision making, and ultimately advance food and nutritional security.","PeriodicalId":13282,"journal":{"name":"Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41271632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0