{"title":"Experimental investigation of the crashworthiness of scaled composite sailplane fuselages","authors":"Karl-Peter Kampf, E. Crawley, R. Hansman","doi":"10.2514/3.45819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/3.45819","url":null,"abstract":"The crash dynamics and energy absorption of composite sailplane fuselage segments undergoing nose-down impact were investigated. More than 10 quarter-scale structurally similar test articles, typical of highperformance sailplane designs, were tested. Fuselages segments were fabricated of combinations of fiberglass, graphite, Kevlar, and Spectra fabric materials. Quasistatic and dynamic tests were conducted. The quasistatic tests were found to replicate the strain history and failure modes observed in the dynamic tests. Failure modes of the quarter-scale model were qualitatively compared with full-scale crash evidence and quantitatively compared with current design criteria. By combining material and structural improvements, substantial increases in crashworthiness were demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":131722,"journal":{"name":"Technical Soaring","volume":"91 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134104627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Data acquisition system and methodology for high angle of attack parameter estimation","authors":"M. Sri-Jayantha, R. Stengel","doi":"10.4271/830719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/830719","url":null,"abstract":"A digital data acquisition system has been flight tested in a Schweizer 2-32 sailplane and the algorithms, designed for high angle of attack parameter identification, are described in this paper. The system is portable and self-contained. Inertial sensors are mounted in a strapdown unit. Two Kiel-probes are used for airspeed measurement. \"Off-the- shelf\" microelectronics components are configured to operate as a multiprocessing system. The on-board computing power is used to monitor the sensor and support system and to improve flight test effectiveness. The Estimation-Before-Modeling technique has been selected for parameter identification. A time history of a flight test maneuver that will be used in the estimation of the aerodynamic parameters is also presented.","PeriodicalId":131722,"journal":{"name":"Technical Soaring","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121116280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An analytic survey of low-speed flying devices - Natural and man-made","authors":"J. Mcmasters","doi":"10.2514/6.1974-1019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1974-1019","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has presented a brief survey of the geometric and energetic charatteristics of a range of flying devices covering twelve orders of magnitude in weight. It has been shown that there is a general pattern and order in the data presented. However, there exlst at least as many detailed dlfferences and anomolies between various types of flying devlce as there are similarities. The plcture presented remains, in many partlculars, incomplete and/or lnconclusive. One factor appears clearly, however: Explanations of flight phenomena based on analyses which do not account for the coupling between aerodynamics (fundamental fluid mechanlcs), structural- and material characteristics, and operatlonal requirement and constralnts are not adequate. Nature continues to be a rich source of lnsplratlon to the deslgner and englneer - partlcularly to those ln the fleld of ultra-light aeronautics. It has been a major goal of this survey to present an introduction to the broad range of informatlon whlch may be of value in future research.","PeriodicalId":131722,"journal":{"name":"Technical Soaring","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1974-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122319020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"POTENTIAL STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AND DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR LIGHT AIRPLANES, PART II MATERIALS","authors":"L. Pazmany, H. Prentice, C. Waterman, F. Tietge","doi":"10.4271/690341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/690341","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":131722,"journal":{"name":"Technical Soaring","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121480629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Birth of American Soaring Flight: A New Technology","authors":"Simine Short","doi":"10.2514/1.10390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2514/1.10390","url":null,"abstract":"SOARING provides man the closest approach to the capabilities of the birds. For some 4000 years, men looked at soaring birds, longing to imitate them, to fly without the use of an engine or muscular power. In the prehistory of aviation, when no engines were available to sustain an aircraft in the air, soaring was the means for heavier-than-air experimenters to keep their planes in the air for a prolonged period. So, where and when did soaring start? Historians and aeronautical engineers tend to agree that Otto Lilienthal of Germany should receive credit for being the first pilot to recognize, attempt and achieve soaring flight, but who can take credit for this in the United States? 1) The technology and practice of soaring flight and the emulation of the feats of the birds has been demonstrated and has become a fact during the past century. As with every field of technological achievement, the evolution of powerless flying is a continuing process. 2) Contemporary literature and photos indicate that William Avery and Augustus Moore Herring, associates of Octave Chanute, were airbome and extending otherwise shorter gliding flights to soaring flights of just over 10 s in September 1896. Possible, but not proven conclusively, was Herring's 48 s soaring flight in October 1896. For them, every second of prolonged flight gave extra time to learn about the mechanics of flight and the art of flying. The first glider flying experiments by the Wright Brothers, prior to December 1903, were a continuation of this evolution process. They succeeded to stretch their flying time to more than one minute with a more manageable glider, which enabled controlled turns. The extra flying time helped them learn how to fly the planes they designed. 3) The Wrights continued their research, improving their aircraft design for better stability and control. As part of these experiments, Orville Wright achieved the 9 min 45 s soaring flight with their 1911 glider. 4) Since then, many devices related to stability and control were first discovered or introduced using gliders. By using motorless craft, stability and control problems can be investigated simply, uninfluenced by turbulence and the effects of power. Methods to improved aerodynamic performance have been particularly studied and explored with and on sailplanes with good results, especially in the increase of aerodynamic efficiency. Sailplanes continue to be used as a practical laboratory tool for low-speed aerodynamic research. 5) In addition to its technological usefulness, the experimenters in gliding and soaring, as early as 1896, recognized the sporting attraction of soaring flight.","PeriodicalId":131722,"journal":{"name":"Technical Soaring","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117165561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE LIGHT TOUCH","authors":"H. Higgins","doi":"10.1109/mp.1982.6499509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mp.1982.6499509","url":null,"abstract":"Performance is certainly the first consideration when judging the relative merits of sailplanes. Performance is readily measured and an excellent literature is available due to the work of Bikle, Zacher, Johnson, and others. The acid test of competition frequently confirms the results of engineering tests and sailplanes with superior performance are rapidly recognized and therefore thrive and improve the breed. Handling qualities (or stability and control or flying characteristics) are less definite. Requirements can be examined from two view points. The first considerations are \"What is required for flight safety? Is a glider airworthy?\" These are the concern of requirements having legal weight such as the FARs. One would expect that characteristics affecting flight safety would have Cooper-Harper ratings of 3.5 or better. The other viewpoint is \"What is required for elegance, what are the qualities that make flight more enjoyable, and why is one glider more pleasant to fly than another?\" Favorable answers to these questions are probably associated with Cooper-Harper ratings of 1.5 or better. With respect to safety, the author is of the opinion that the OSTIV requirements are adequate. The \"return to trim\" requirement may be too severe. The addition of a maximum value for lost motion would be appropriate, say, no more than 5% of full stick travel. 0therwise, the 0STIV list is necessary and sufficient to describe airworthy longitudinal characteristics. It is tempting to write a list of criteria for elegance. The author believes the ideal system would totally lack friction, lost motion, compliance and mass. All of the forces would be linear and light. The stick force gradient would be more than 1 kg/g but less than 3 kg/g. Since a very low stability Gradient would provide adequate signaling of speed changes with such a high quality mechanical system, the static margin could range between 5 and 10% MAC. 0f course, the zero values suggested of the ideal system are not practical. However, a realistic system probably could be built with no more 0.1 kg friction, 1 mm lost motion and 0.3% full travel per kg compliance. The mass of the system should be as low as possible consistent with structural safety. (The compliance and mass criteria tend to be in opposition, a very rigid system is apt to be heavy.)","PeriodicalId":131722,"journal":{"name":"Technical Soaring","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124266523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The \"World Class\"","authors":"M. Reinhardt","doi":"10.4324/9781315650678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315650678","url":null,"abstract":"The International Gliding Commission (IGC) of the FAI has created an important initiative: to create a new one-design glider Class, the \"World Class\", to be added to the FAI World Championships Classes (the Standard, 15-m and Open Classes).","PeriodicalId":131722,"journal":{"name":"Technical Soaring","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131843650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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