Hormone Research in Paediatrics最新文献

{"title":"Adrenal Androgens, Estrone, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Are Associated with Thelarche without Gonadotropin Activation in Girls.","authors":"Saija Burtsov, Anna Viitasalo, Sonja Soininen, Merja R Häkkinen, Seppo Auriola, Aino Mäntyselkä, Raimo Voutilainen, Jarmo Jääskeläinen, Timo A Lakka","doi":"10.1159/hrp/adaag012","DOIUrl":"10.1159/hrp/adaag012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Although a well-known phenomenon, the hormonal mechanism of thelarche in the absence of gonadotropin activation remains unclear. To reveal the biological mechanisms of such thelarche, we assessed serum concentrations of several hormones potentially related to breast development, as well as clinical signs of androgen action.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A population-based sample of 175 girls aged 9-11 was divided into those without thelarche (Tanner breast stage 1) and those with thelarche (Tanner breast stage ≥2). The girls were further categorized based on basal serum luteinizing hormone (LH) using a cut-off of 0.3 IU/L. This resulted in three groups: 114 girls with low LH without thelarche, 32 girls with low LH and thelarche, and 29 girls with higher LH and thelarche. Serum concentrations of sex steroids and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and clinical signs of androgen action were assessed at ages 7-9 and 9-11 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Girls with low LH and thelarche had higher levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) (0.80 vs. 0.60 µmol/L, p = 0.03 at 7-9 years; 0.97 vs. 0.72 µmol/L, p = 0.03 at 9-11 years), testosterone (0.18 vs. 0.14 nmol/L, p = 0.02; 0.27 vs. 0.22 nmol/L, p = 0.02), estrone (14.5 vs. 11.5 pmol/L, p = 0.02; 24.3 vs. 18.2 pmol/L, p = 0.002), and IGF-1 (28.6 vs. 23.6 nmol/L, p = 0.001; 35.9 vs. 31.1 nmol/L, p = 0.006) than girls with low LH without thelarche. Differences in DHEAS, testosterone, and IGF-1 diminished after further adjustment for body fat percentage. Girls with low LH and thelarche also had more clinical signs of androgen action at both ages than girls with low LH without thelarche. There were no statistically significant differences in hormonal concentrations at 7-9 years between girls with low LH and thelarche and those with higher LH and thelarche. However, at 7-9 years, girls with low LH and thelarche had more signs of androgen action than girls with higher LH and thelarche. At 9-11 years, girls with higher LH and thelarche had higher hormonal concentrations except for DHEAS than girls with low LH and thelarche.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thelarche with low LH is associated with elevated DHEAS, testosterone, estrone, and IGF-1 concentrations, which is partly explained by BF%, suggesting that aromatization of adrenal androgens to estrogens in adipose tissue is one hormonal mechanism of thelarche in girls without gonadotropin activation.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13685405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of Vitamin D Metabolites in Early Childhood: Findings from a Multicenter Belgian Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Ellen Devos, Tom Fiers, Kathleen De Waele, Ferran Coens, An Bael, Nathalie Segers, Daniel Klink, Greet Pauwels, An-Sophie Cornelis, Marijn M Speeckaert, Agnieszka Prytuła","doi":"10.1159/hrp/adaag017","DOIUrl":"10.1159/hrp/adaag017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vitamin D metabolism is essential for calcium and phosphate homeostasis, yet reference values for its key metabolites in early childhood are lacking. This study aimed to establish percentile-based intervals for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)₂D], 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)₂D], and the vitamin D metabolite ratio (VMR = 24,25(OH)₂D/25(OH)D x 100%) in healthy, well vitamin D-supplemented children under 2 years of age, providing a benchmark for disorders such as idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study analyzed blood samples from 208 healthy full-term children undergoing elective minor surgery or diagnostic procedures at four Belgian hospitals. 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)₂D were measured by LC-MS/MS and 1,25(OH)₂D by IDS-iSYS immunoassay. The VMR (24,25(OH)₂D₃/25(OH)D₃ × 100%) was calculated. The intervals were expressed as percentiles and 95% confidence intervals. Associations between clinical factors and vitamin D markers were assessed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Population-specific percentile-based intervals applicable to vitamin D-supplemented infants (2.5th-97.5th percentiles) were 35.57-148.55 pg/mL for 1,25(OH)₂D, 0.50-6.61 ng/mL for 24,25(OH)₂D and 1.95-15.74% for 24,25(OH)₂D₃/25(OH)D₃ × 100%. Older age was associated with lower 1,25(OH)₂D levels. The concentration of 25(OH)D was higher in older children, boys, non-Caucasians, and those with higher vitamin D supplement intake. The concentration of 24,25(OH)₂D was positively associated with supplementation. After adjustment for relevant covariates, multivariable analysis demonstrated independent associations between VMR, ethnicity, and vitamin D supplementation, whereby Caucasian ethnicity and vitamin D supplementation were associated with higher VMR values.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These data provide the first pediatric percentile-based intervals for vitamin D metabolites in well vitamin D-supplemented children under 2 years of age, demonstrating the influence of age, body composition, supplementation, and ethnicity. These ranges can support the early diagnosis of metabolic bone disorders and guide clinical decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"International Consensus on the Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Idiopathic Short Stature: A Modified Delphi Method.","authors":"Agnès Linglart, Stefano Cianfarani, Mehul T Dattani, Alexander A L Jorge, Yael Lebenthal, Xiaoping Luo, Mohamad Maghnie, Bradley S Miller, Haruo Mizuno, Robert Rapaport, Paulo Ferrez Collett-Solberg, Andrew Dauber","doi":"10.1159/hrp/adaag008","DOIUrl":"10.1159/hrp/adaag008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Idiopathic short stature (ISS) refers to children whose height falls substantially below the mean for sex and age relative to a reference population, despite the absence of an identifiable endocrine, genetic, syndromic, or systemic disorder. Clinical management remains challenging because no dedicated ICD-11 code exists and no universally accepted diagnostic criteria have been established. This has led to variability in how the condition is classified, inconsistency in access to testing, and uncertainty around eligibility for growth-promoting therapies. To address these inconsistencies and support broader global alignment in the recognition and management of ISS, an international consensus initiative was undertaken.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Steering Committee of 10 internationally recognized experts with extensive clinical and academic expertise in ISS supported the development of a structured modified Delphi process. An Expert Panel of 22 key opinion leaders participated in a three-round survey conducted between November 2025 and February 2026. Panelists evaluated draft statements related to ISS definition, diagnostic criteria, burden of disease, and decision to treat. Consensus thresholds were predefined at 70%, and statements were refined between rounds, as needed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 44 statements achieved consensus, with final agreement levels ranging from 77% to 100%. The statements establish a standardized clinical definition of ISS, propose evidence-based diagnostic criteria applicable across diverse healthcare settings, describe the impact of ISS on patients and caregivers, and suggest when to consider growth-promoting treatment for patients with ISS. For example, consensus was reached on the definition of ISS (a condition in which an individual has a height more than a standard deviation score of 2 below the mean for sex, age, and population, corresponding to below the 2.3 percentile, without identifiable underlying pathology) and on key elements of diagnostic evaluation (include the child's medical, developmental, and medication background, including prenatal and perinatal course, chronic illnesses or infections, and neurodevelopmental milestones, alongside family history and environmental exposures; perform a physical examination to identify clinical signs of underlying pathology, including assessment of body proportions, dysmorphic body features, head circumference, body mass index, and pubertal development). Key areas requiring future research were also highlighted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This international consensus offers the first globally derived, ISS-focused guidance developed using a formal Delphi methodology for identifying and managing children and adolescents with ISS. Adoption of these recommendations may reduce regional variability, improve diagnostic clarity, and ultimately enhance outcomes for individuals affected by ISS.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13713050/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148840054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a mass spectrometry-based method for estradiol determination in girls with benign premature thelarche - a method comparison with extraction RIA.","authors":"Carina Ankarberg-Lindgren, Martin Österbrand, Ensio Norjavaara","doi":"10.1159/hrp/adaag007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/hrp/adaag007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Premature thelarche in girls younger than 4 years of age is a cause for clinical concern and requires reliable assessment tools. Current guidelines, for decision-making and management of girls with premature thelarche in Sweden are based on serum estradiol determination performed by sensitive extraction radioimmunoassay (RIA). However, the extraction RIA has been replaced by a high-sensitivity mass spectrometry (MS)-based estradiol method. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the MS-based method in comparison with extraction RIA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a prospective observational study, 43 serum samples from girls with premature thelarche aged 6-48 months were run in parallel for comparison between the phased-out extraction RIA and the newer high-sensitivity MS-based assay. The lower limits of detection were 4 pmol/L for both methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant correlation between the two methods, r=0.67, p=0.000. The MS-based method yielded a mean of 5.3 (±2.7) pmol/L lower concentrations compared to extraction RIA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The estradiol upper limit level for what is considered benign in premature thelarche, obtained with extraction RIA, needs to be lowered when analyzed with high sensitivity MS-based methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148840051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating the Biological Age in Children: Multiple Methods and Their Clinical Utility.","authors":"Alan David Rogol, Robert M Malina","doi":"10.1159/hrp/adaag018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/hrp/adaag018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biological age (BA) is an estimates of how old cells, tissues and organs are at the time of observation. How one determines the BA depends on the chronological age of interest, fetal to adult. In this historical mini-review we provide an overview of various methods for the determination of BA in children. Through the ages the eruption and maturation of the dentition (observation) and then radiographic methods have been used. Later the use of radiographs to track the appearance of ossification centers and the appearance and maturation of epiphyses at the growth plates and the physical examination of the secondary sexual characteristics have been employed to define BA. We then discuss some practical issues related to skeletal age (SA) assessment, using the well described Greulich and Pyle and the Tanner Whitehouse methods before moving to some of the newer, but less validated methods of SA assessment using magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound and dual x-ray assessment techniques. We close with a short discussion of modern methods for the estimation of BA noting that these biological methods depend on multi 'omics and DNA methylation, but are more suited to the prediction of adult morbidities than they are to the determination of BA of an individual child at the time of evaluation-the precise parameter of interest at that time.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148839900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure to Thrive in Infants with Prader-Willi Syndrome and Long-Term Effects of GH Treatment on FTT.","authors":"Demi J Trueba-Timmermans, Gerthe F Kerkhof, Lionne N Grootjen, Edmond H H M Rings, Anita C S Hokken-Koelega","doi":"10.1159/000553147","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Failure to thrive (FTT) with feeding difficulties and hypotonia are well-known features in infants with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Limited studies reported the percentage of infants with FTT and it is unknown whether growth hormone (GH) treatment affects body composition of infants with or without FTT differently. Aims of the study were to evaluate the percentage of infants with PWS with FTT from birth to age 6 months and to investigate the 5-year GH effects on body composition in infants with or without FTT at GH start.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We defined FTT as weight-for-length <-2 SDS and evaluated the percentage of infants with FTT in a group of 54 infants from birth to age 6 months. In addition, we investigated in 166 children the 5-year GH effects on body composition, comparing children with and without FTT at GH start. All infants were treated with 1.0 mg GH/m2/day (∼0.035 mg/kg/day). Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From birth to age 6 months, 29% of infants had FTT at 1 month, 20% at 3 months, and 16% at 6 months. At GH start, at a median age of 1.03 (IQR 0.45, 1.89) years, 12% (20/166) had FTT (FTT_{GH start}). Infants with FTT_{GH start} had a lower lean body mass index (LBMI) compared to non-FTT_{GH start}, but a greater catch-up in LBMI in the first year of GH, resulting in a similar LBMI as the non-FTT_{GH start} after 5 years of GH treatment. Children with FTT_{GH start} had lower FM% after 5 years of GH treatment, but this difference disappeared after including covariates.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Twenty-nine percent of infants had FTT at 1 month, 20% at 3 months, and 16% at 6 months. Twelve percent had FTT at the start of GH treatment. Children with FTT at GH start showed greatest LBM improvement during GH treatment, resulting in a similar LBM after 5 years of GH treatment as those without FTT at GH start.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148812922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secular Trends in the Management of Pediatric Graves' Disease: A 25-Year Cohort.","authors":"Noa Anchel, Naama Fisch-Shvalb, Michal Yakobovtich-Gavan, Ariel Tenenbaum, Liora Lazar, Moshe Phillip, Tal Oron","doi":"10.1159/hrp/adaag001","DOIUrl":"10.1159/hrp/adaag001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Over the past two decades, management of pediatric Graves' disease (GD) has shifted toward prolonged antithyroid drug therapy. Yet, longitudinal data describing how these changes have influenced long-term outcomes remain limited. This study examined secular trends in presentation, treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes of pediatric GD over a 25-year period at a tertiary center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective cohort study of children diagnosed with GD between 1999 and 2024. Outcomes included temporal changes in initial therapy, methimazole (MMI) dosing, definitive therapy (radioactive iodine ablation or thyroidectomy), remission and relapse rates, and treatment-related adverse events.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 128 children (79.7% female), median age 13.8 years (IQR 10.0-15.6), median follow-up 6.0 years (IQR 3.3-10.4) were included in the study. Initial management shifted exclusively to MMI, with discontinuation of propylthiouracil after 2009 (p < 0.001). Median initial MMI dose declined progressively over the study period from 30 mg/day in 1999-2004 to 10 mg/day in 2015-2020 (p < 0.001 for the trend), with a parallel reduction in weight-adjusted dosing from 0.59 to 0.32 mg/kg/day (p < 0.001 for trend). Similarly, the use of RAI decreased steadily across calendar periods, from 55.6% in 1999-2004 to 9.8% in 2020-2024 (p < 0.001 for trend). Remission and remission with relapse rates did not differ significantly across calendar periods. Lower FT4 levels at diagnosis were marginally associated with remission (B = 0.41, SE = 0.22, p = 0.06). MMI-related Aes occurred in 20.3% of patients, with severe events in 1.6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Over 25 years, pediatric GD management evolved toward lower dose, prolonged MMI therapy with a marked decline in definitive treatment. These secular changes were not associated with worsening remission or relapse rates, supporting the feasibility of a sustained conservative approach without evidence of inferior long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148792380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Trends in Hospitalization due to Pediatric Thyroid Cancer in Chile: A Population-Based Analysis from 2001 to 2024.","authors":"María Cristina Mayol, Arturo Borzutzky, Gabriel Cavada, José Miguel Dominguez, Francisca Grob","doi":"10.1159/hrp/adaag002","DOIUrl":"10.1159/hrp/adaag002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The incidence of pediatric thyroid cancer has increased globally; however, long-term population-based data from Latin America remain scarce, and hospitalization-based trends are poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to examine national trends in thyroid cancer hospitalization rates among children and adolescents in Chile between 2001 and 2024 and to assess variations by age, sex, health insurance type, and treatment patterns.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective population-based study using Chile's mandatory national hospital discharge registry, which includes all public and private hospital admissions. Pediatric thyroid cancer hospitalizations (ICD-10 code C73) were identified among individuals aged 1-19 years. Age- and sex-specific hospitalization rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated using national population estimates. Temporal trends were evaluated using Prais-Winsten regression to estimate absolute annual rate changes, Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs), and calculation of the average annual percentage change (AAPC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2001 and 2024, 2,078 pediatric thyroid cancer hospitalizations were recorded (2.8% of all thyroid cancer admissions). Hospitalization rates increased from 0.48 to 2.46 per 100,000 inhabitants. Rates remained low and stable among children aged 1-9 years but increased significantly among adolescents. Prais-Winsten regression demonstrated an average annual absolute increase of 0.08 hospitalizations per 100,000 (p < 0.001), and Poisson regression showed a 4.7% annual relative increase (IRR = 1.047, p < 0.001). The highest average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were observed among adolescent males (6.8%) and females (4.8%). Surgical management increased over time, whereas the median length of stay remained stable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pediatric thyroid cancer hospitalization rates in Chile have risen substantially over 2 decades, driven primarily by adolescents. These findings likely reflect both evolving clinical management and broader epidemiologic factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148758232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statement in Support of Excluding Turner Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome from Variations of Sex Development and Gender Dysphoria for the Purpose of Government Policy Decision-Making: A Position Statement.","authors":"Philippe F Backeljauw, Claus H Gravholt","doi":"10.1159/000553323","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000553323","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cystatin C: Not Only a Kidney Marker but Also a Potential Early Indicator of Metabolic Alterations in Childhood Obesity.","authors":"Angelika Mohn, Giada Di Pietro, Alessandro Maggitti, Giulia Trisi, Nella Polidori, Francesco Chiarelli","doi":"10.1159/000552607","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000552607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pediatric obesity is associated with early metabolic and kidney alterations, and identifying children at increased cardiometabolic risk remains challenging. Cystatin C may reflect both renal and metabolic dysfunction. This study aimed to assess the relationship between cystatin C and measures of adiposity, insulin resistance (IR), and cardiometabolic risk in children with overweight and obesity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 169 children with overweight and obesity were analyzed. Anthropometric, blood pressure, kidney (serum creatinine, cystatin C), glucose/insulin, and lipid parameters were collected. Participants were stratified by cystatin C tertiles, and variables were compared across groups. Stepwise regression identified independent predictors of cystatin C.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, children in the highest cystatin C tertile had higher standard deviation score-body mass index (SDS-BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic BP SDS, and iCARE index - developed within the Improving Renal Complications in Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes through REsearch (iCARE) cohort study as a marker of IR and metabolic risk. They also showed elevated Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio, and triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, while glucose excursion did not differ. Stepwise regression identified WC and HOMA-IR as independent predictors of cystatin C.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elevated cystatin C in children with overweight and obesity is independently associated with central adiposity and IR, supporting its potential as an integrated early marker of metabolic and kidney risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":13025,"journal":{"name":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148712173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}