ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0010
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"An impairment in brain function","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"ADHD is usually due to a depletion of certain chemical messengers in the front part of the brain. The major cause of this depletion relates to a number of defective genes. ADHD shares some of its causative genes with certain other conditions, so having ADHD makes also having these other conditions more likely. To help many children with learning and behavioural difficulties, we need to treat an impairment in their brain function. This chapter discusses impairment in brain function as a cause of ADHD, including executive function deficits, frontal lobe underactivity, neurotransmitter depletion, gene defects, and non-genetic factors. It also describes the mechanism of comorbidity.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115547214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0009
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"Emotional disorders","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Emotional disorders in children with ADHD are often difficult to detect. The emotional problems that occur in children with ADHD fall into three categories: emotional characteristics of ADHD (low frustration tolerance, preoccupation, thrill-seeking, dysthymia, and overexcitability), reactive emotions to having ADHD, and coexisting emotional disorders (depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bipolar disorder). Inefficient inhibitory processes in the brain are the basis of these emotional difficulties. It is essential to be aware of the frequent occurrence of emotional disorders in children with ADHD. This chapter discusses emotional disorders in ADHD, including the emotional characteristics of ADHD, reactive emotions, and coexisting emotional disorders.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121900675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0019
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"All parents want their children to be well adjusted emotionally, to be socially successful, and to fulfil their academic potential. Tragically, many intelligent children fail in one or more of these areas. Although there are several reasons why this may happen, many do so because they have ADHD....","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116746028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0014
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"Behaviour modification","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"When your child has ADHD, the first step in a behaviour modification programme is to observe your child’s behaviour and identify the behaviour you want to change. One of the advantages of medication is that it allows children to be more successful in a behaviour modification programme. Should you need help when working on a behaviour modification programme, do not hesitate to consult your doctor and ask for a referral to a psychologist. This chapter describes behaviour modification in the management of ADHD, including encouraging good behaviour so it can be rewarded, how to reward good behaviour, how to discourage undesirable behaviour, and important considerations in a behaviour modification plan.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124008985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0015
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"Medicines—general principles","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"All the medicines used to treat ADHD aim to normalize the amount of neurotransmitter in the frontal lobes of the brain. Each child with ADHD needs medication that is selected with care and based on several considerations. Medicine can potentially reduce many difficulties experienced by children with ADHD, although some may not need medication. This chapter discusses medicines in the treatment of ADHD, including how they work, how to find the right medicine for a particular child and aspects of ADHD that are helped by medicines (learning, behaviour, social skills, emotional state). It also covers the place of medicine in the treatment of ADHD, treatment of ADHD without medication, and how to explain the role of medications to a child.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124164501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0001
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"What is ADHD?","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses what ADHD is, including an overview of the features of ADHD, features of the inattentive type of ADHD (poor concentration, task impersistence, disorganization, forgetfulness), features of the combined type of ADHD (impulsivity, overactivity, noisiness), and features that may be present in either type of ADHD (performance inconsistency, low self-esteem, poor working memory, poor incentival motivation, social clumsiness, learning difficulties, inflexibility, insatiability, defiant behaviour, sleep problems), as well as associated conditions, prevalence, and a historical background.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121553083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0008
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"Social clumsiness","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"To acquire age-appropriate social skills, certain parts of the brain need to develop normally. Children with ADHD may experience social difficulties and experience what is called a social cognition deficit. This chapter outlines social clumsiness in ADHD. It discusses social cognition as a function of the brain, specific social competence deficits (social blindness, egocentricity, lack of appropriate inhibition, insatiability, insensitivity to style and convention, lack of responsiveness, over-talkativeness, difficulties reading facial expression, aggressive tendencies, lack of judgment, poor understanding of group dynamics, misinterpretation of feedback, poor social prediction, poor social memory, lack of awareness of image, poor behaviour-modification strategies), management of social clumsiness, and autism spectrum disorder.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115327931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0007
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"Low self-esteem","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Most children with ADHD suffer from low self-esteem. Many unwanted behaviours that are seen in children with ADHD are due to problems with self-esteem. It is essential that parents and teachers recognize this before trying to treat the behaviour. This chapter discusses low self-esteem in ADHD, including self-appraisal as a function of the brain, control of the self-appraisal system in the brain, dysfunctional coping behaviours (quitting, avoiding, adverse responses to praise, tactile defensiveness, cheating, lying, clowning, regressive behaviour, school avoidance, homework avoidance, computer game and TV ‘addiction’, aggression, controlling behaviour, passive aggression, and denial), and the importance of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131112666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0004
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"Excessive movement","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867371.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes two quite different types of excessive movement that may occur in a child with ADHD, although it is important to note that many children with ADHD are not overactive. The first type is the hyperactivity, also called overactivity, that occurs as part of the condition in some, but by no means all, children with the disorder. The second type of excessive movement is a tic disorder. By definition, a tic disorder is a type of sudden, repetitive movement (motor tic) or vocalization (vocal tic). Both of these types of tics are more common in children with ADHD.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127009226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ADHD: The FactsPub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvc772z0.4
M. Selikowitz
{"title":"Defiance","authors":"M. Selikowitz","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvc772z0.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc772z0.4","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately one-quarter of children with ADHD experience significant difficulties in conforming to rules and regulations appropriate for their age, and these difficulties are usually seen both at home and at school. Parents of such children quickly learn that smacking and other forms of punishment are ineffective. Performance inconsistency, which is a prominent feature of ADHD, is often misinterpreted as implying that the child could succeed if only more effort were made. This chapter explores defiance in ADHD, including compliance as a function of the brain, the severity of defiant behaviour (oppositional disorder, conduct disorder), and the treatment of defiant behaviour.","PeriodicalId":128965,"journal":{"name":"ADHD: The Facts","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124369680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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