Green and Sustainable Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Green Bio-Based CaO from Guinea Fowl Eggshells","authors":"Mary-Magdalene Pedavoah, Mercy Badu, N. Boadi, J. Awudza","doi":"10.4236/GSC.2018.82015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/GSC.2018.82015","url":null,"abstract":"Eggshells are among the emerging hazardous waste from the food processing industry. This work sought to valorize waste guinea fowl eggshells. Guinea fowl eggshells (GFEs) were evaluated in the production of CaO for chemical and industrial application. The functionality, thermal stability, elemental composition, phase distribution and surface morphology properties of uncalcined GFEs and GFEs calcined at 700°C, 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C and 1100°C were systematically studied by FTIR, TGA, XRF, XRD and SEM-EDX respectively. The elemental analysis revealed Ca as the main element in the GFEs. The uncalcined GFEs showed intense peaks that corresponded to calcite (CaCO3) phases. These transformed into Ca(OH)2 as the temperature of calcination increased and finally to CaO in the FTIR analysis. In the XRD diffractograms, the main peaks at 2θ values were 29.466° for the uncalcined GFESs and at 37.377° for the sample treated at 1100°C. The phases were confirmed as CaO when compared with JCPDS files. Using the Scherer equation, the CaO crystallite size for the sample calcined at 1100°C was found to be 50.68 nm along the (2 0 0) orientation. All the samples showed multi-step decomposition patterns in the thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), with weight loss of up to 47% for the uncalcined GFEs sample, which was mainly due to the transformation of the calcite (CaCO3) phase to CaO by removal of bound water, organic components, and CO2. Samples calcined at 1100°C showed mainly CaO phases in XRD analyses and fairly stable with 7% loss in weight after treatment at 800°C. SEM images of samples calcined at 900°C were irregular compared to samples treated at 1100°C. EDX data revealed that the surface structure was 100% calcium and oxygen. GFEs are a potential source of pure calcium oxide for various industrial uses.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76085653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification, Synthesis, Isolation and Spectral Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Related Substances","authors":"S. Jayachandra, M. Sethi, V. Kaushik, Vijayakrishna Ravi, Saiprasad Kottolla, V. Dev, Purbita Chakraborty","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2018.82014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2018.82014","url":null,"abstract":"Several related substances were detected at trace level in (2R)-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-6-nitro-2-[[4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]-1-piperidinyl] phenoxy] methyl]imidazo[2, 1-b]oxazole drug substance by a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography method. All related substances were characterized rapidly but some impurities were found to be intermediates. Proposed structures were further confirmed by characterization using NMR, FT-IR, and HRMS techniques. Based on the spectroscopic data; unknown related sub-stances were characterized as 1-(Methylsulfonyl)-4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenoxy]piperidine; 4-{4-[4-(Tri-fluoromethoxy)-phenoxy]piperidin-1-yl}phenol and 4-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]piperidin-1-yl}phenyl methane sulfonate; 4-Bromophenyl methane sulfonate, Ethyl 3,6-dihydro-1(2H)-pyridine carboxylate, (2S)-3-(4-Bromophenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl methane sulfonate, (2S)-3-(4-Bromophenoxy)-2-methylpropane-1,2-diyldimethane-sulfonate, (2S)-2-Methyl-3-(4-{4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenoxy]-piperidin-1-yl} phenoxy)-propane-1,2-diyldimethane sulfonate, (S)-3-(4-Bromophenoxy)-2-methyl-propane-1,2-diol and corresponding Enantiomer, (2R)-2-[(4-Bromo-phenoxy)methyl]-2-methyloxirane and (2R)-2-[(4-bromophenoxy)methyl]-2-methyl-6-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3] oxazole. A possible mechanism for the formation of these related substances is also proposed.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76090941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Microwave Irradiation on Friedel-Crafts Diphenylmethylation of Arenes","authors":"Y. Okada, M. Yamabe","doi":"10.4236/GSC.2018.81009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/GSC.2018.81009","url":null,"abstract":"The reaction between diphenylmethanols and substituted benzenes is useful to yield triarylmethane derivatives which are important skeletons in various functional materials and biologically relevant substances. The Reactions were carried out under microwave irradiation as environmentally-friendly method. In cyclohexane, the reaction was accelerated under microwave irradiation as compared to under conventional heating. Also, when more than 0.8 equivalents of iron(III) chloride were used, the acceleration was observed. Notably, when iron(III) chloride and arenes were combined, the temperature of the reaction solution rose to 40°C. It is considered that a chemical species was formed upon coordination of iron(III) chloride to the diphenylmethanols or arenes.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73246195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isomerization of Hydrofluorocyclopentenes Promoted by Fluoride Anion","authors":"Chengping Zhang, Ni-tao Zhang, Xiaoqin Jia, Nan Li, H. Quan","doi":"10.4236/GSC.2018.81008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/GSC.2018.81008","url":null,"abstract":"The isomerization of hydrofluorocyclopentenes promoted by fluoride anion was investigated. It was found that two processes were responsible for interconversion of the isomers: an allylic syn-addition/elimination of fluoride anion that does not change the mutual positions of hydrogen atoms but is responsible for transfers of fluorine atoms, and a fluoride anion-assisted deprotonation/protonation which does not change the mutual positions of fluorine atoms but is responsible for transfers of hydrogen atoms. In the deprotonation, HF can easily capture excess fluoride anion to form HF2- anion which can probably inhibit the protonation.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74918155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Scale Structural Studies of Sequential Ionic Liquids and Alkali Pretreated Corn Stover and Sugarcane Bagasse","authors":"Ishwinder Kaur, G. Sahni","doi":"10.4236/GSC.2018.81007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/GSC.2018.81007","url":null,"abstract":"The complexity of plant cell walls impedes the conversion of cellulosic biomass to sugars. Pretreatment becomes a necessity to increase the digestibility of biomass. An in-depth understanding of the structure and underlying mechanisms governing deconstruction process is important. In the present study, the comprehensive investigation of morphological and structural changes in corn stover and sugarcane bagasse following ionic liquids dissolution and alkaline extraction was done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis, Confocal scanning laser microscopy, Atomic force microscopy and Dynamic light scattering studies. Both the substrates were pretreated with ILs 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate followed by alkaline extraction. The pronounced changes such as lignin, hemicelluloses removal and decreased cellulose crystallinity after the pretreatments lead to the structural transformation of matrix polymers. The enzymatic hydrolysis showed 90% theoretical sugar yield in case of sugarcane bagasse and 80% in corn stover following synergistically combined pretreatments.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82440436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancement in the Utilization of Biomass-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Production","authors":"Nurudeen Ishola Mohammed, N. Kabbashi, A. Alade, S. Sulaiman","doi":"10.4236/GSC.2018.81006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/GSC.2018.81006","url":null,"abstract":"Solid oxide catalysts derived from various renewable sources have produced significant yield of methyl esters of enhanced purity. These materials are sourced for due to their advantages ranging from low cost, recoverability and reusability, environmental benign-ness, thermal stability and high quality product generation. For a possible greener production process, many researchers in literature reported the use of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel synthesis producing high quality pure product. The catalysts were majorly modified through simple physical cost effective and energy saving operations. This paper explores some of these bio-based heterogeneous catalyst used in biodiesel production via transesterification and esterification approach and their performance in FAME yield and conversion. The feedstock consideration which warrant the route selection, various approaches that are adopted in biodiesel production, performance of renewable heterogeneous catalyst and the measures that were adopted to enhance efficiency of the catalyst were considerably highlighted. It is observed that the prospects of organic-based solid catalyst in biodiesel development is a promising enterprise compared to the conventional methods utilizing homogeneous chemical catalyst, which generates wastewater requiring treatment before disposal and generates product that may cause engine malfunction. This review work aimed at providing detailed and up-to-date record of the trend in renewable catalyst development in biodiesel synthesis. This is expected to inform a suitable selection and reaction conditions in the development of biodiesel from the very many feed stocks.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87694110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhizoclonium grande Bioethanol in Biofuel Production by Transesterification of Jatropha curcas Oil","authors":"J. Kahindo, S. Chhabra, O. J. Ochieng, T. Thoruwa","doi":"10.4236/gsc.2018.81005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2018.81005","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need for an alternative sustainable fuel based on renewable sources and efficient carbon dioxide scrubbers. Alkyl esters prepared by transesterification of vegetable oils from various plants have been evaluated. In this work the potential of sustainable macroalgae bioethanol in biofuel production by transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil was assessed. Rhizoclonium grande macroalgae was collected from Shimoni shores in Kwale, Shelly beach in Mombasa, Jamvi la Wageni in Mtongwe Likoni, English point near Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Mombasa, dried and processed to obtain 5.36% ± 0.355% v/w bioethanol using Aspergilus niger for hydrolysis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation. J. curcas seeds were collected from contracted farmers of Energy Africa in Shimba hills, Coast region. Oil from the seeds was machine cold pressed and solvent extracted using n-hexane giving 44% - 53%v/w yield. The physicochemical properties of the J. curcas oil were investigated. Transesterification of J. curcas oil was carried out using bioethanol from the algae with 63% - 70% FAEE yield. Characterisation of the bioethanol and ethyl esters was done using GC-MS. Physicochemical and fuel properties of the biofuel were investigated at Technical University of Mombasa (TUM), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Government Chemist and Kenya Pipeline Laboratories in Mombasa. There was significant difference in physicochemical and fuel properties observed in density, calorific value, kinematic viscosity, pour point and cloud point between the Jatropha oil and Jatropha fatty acid ethyl esters (JAT FAEE) samples. No significant difference observed in the physicochemical and fuel properties between the JAT FAEE and standard biodiesel samples. This was according to statistical analysis of data done using STATA/SE 13.0 and Xlstat at 95% confidence level (P < 0.05) two-tailed. From the findings bioethanol from R. grande biomass used in transesterification has a potential to improve the sustainability, physicochemical and fuel properties of biofuel from J. curcas a non-food crop. The effect of the use of bioethanol and its byproduct on shelf life of the biofuel can further be investigated.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84324042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Rubber Seed Oil Transesterification to Biodiesel Using Experimental Designs and Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"K. Kouassi, Abollé Abollé, K. Yao, D. Boa, K. Adouby, P. Drogui, R. Tyagi","doi":"10.4236/GSC.2018.81004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/GSC.2018.81004","url":null,"abstract":"The development of biofuels is driven both by concern about the greenhouse effect and by interest in the opportunities for exploitation of biomass of agricultural origin. In order to improve the yield and quality of biodiesel through modeling and optimization, several studies are in progress. In this paper, biodiesel produced from rubber seed oil in the homogeneous transesterification is studied using a Plackett-Burman experimental design, a full factorial design, a central composite design and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) coupled with a Genetic Algorithm (GA).Variables such as temperature, stirring speed, reaction time, type of alcohol, and type of catalyst are studied to obtain the best specific gravity and kinematic viscosity. Type of alcohol and type of catalyst have the greatest effect on the two responses, with ethanol (alcohol) and sulphuric acid (catalyst) producing the best results. The specific gravity and kinematic viscosity changes recorded during the transesterification process followed the first and second order polynomial models, respectively. The ANN coupled with GA was used to optimize the two responses simultaneously. Global optimal values of specific gravity (0.883) and kinematic viscosity (6.76 cSt) were recorded when a temperature of 90°C, a stirring speed of 305 rpm, and a treatment time of 141 min were imposed.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88585673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Surfaces of Public Toilets","authors":"O. Ahmed","doi":"10.4236/GSC.2018.81003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/GSC.2018.81003","url":null,"abstract":"The infection control in surfaces of public toilets environment is a matter of great concern and a major challenge, especially during mass gatherings. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of titanium dioxide nanoparticles coating on environmental surfaces of public toilets during Hajj time. A pilot study has been designed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the surfaces of public toilets. The results showed a significant reduction in colony-count of the test samples. Maximum average reduction count of test microbes of the seats and walls reached (99.7%) while that of the doors reached (99.1%) which was statistically significant (P value = 0.001). It was concluded that there was a marked effect of a mixed TiO2 coating on reducing the microbial count at the surfaces of public toilets environments. Further research on efficacy against specific organisms, intestinal parasites, fungi, viruses and bacteriophage is recommended.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85478971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Valorization by Continuous Pyrolysis of Straight Vegetable Oils (SVOs)","authors":"Abollé Abollé, K. Kouassi, H. Planche, A. Trokourey, K. Yao, A. Gossan","doi":"10.4236/GSC.2018.81002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/GSC.2018.81002","url":null,"abstract":"Researches have been undertaken to find a form of valorization of the surplus production of vegetable oils in Côte d’Ivoire for their use as a substitute diesel. The first tests of the use of crude oils-diesel blends by the company Palmindustrie faced enormous difficulties. We have therefore undertaken a campaign of pyrolysis of Tropical Straight Vegetable Oils: palm, copra, peanut, cotton, cabbage palm and shea, between 400°C and 600°C under atmospheric pressure. A silica support was used in co-catalysis either with water or with methylcyclohexane, which is a model compound of cetanes contained in gas oil. This compound has the advantage, unlike the gas oil itself, of not masking the peaks of the pyrolysis recombinates of oils in the chromatograms. The condensed organic phase consists mainly of hydrocarbons including paraffins, olefins, alkylbenzenes and styrenes. The yields of liquid hydrocarbons vary between 72% and 86%. A comparative study of coke precursors and gas production was carried out. A discussion on the parameters to be considered for a large-scale implementation was undertaken.","PeriodicalId":12770,"journal":{"name":"Green and Sustainable Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76923517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}