GeneticsPub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad211
Arzu Öztürk-Çolak, Steven J Marygold, Giulia Antonazzo, Helen Attrill, Damien Goutte-Gattat, Victoria K Jenkins, Beverley B Matthews, Gillian Millburn, Gilberto Dos Santos, Christopher J Tabone
{"title":"FlyBase: updates to the Drosophila genes and genomes database.","authors":"Arzu Öztürk-Çolak, Steven J Marygold, Giulia Antonazzo, Helen Attrill, Damien Goutte-Gattat, Victoria K Jenkins, Beverley B Matthews, Gillian Millburn, Gilberto Dos Santos, Christopher J Tabone","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad211","url":null,"abstract":"FlyBase (flybase.org) is a model organism database and knowledge base about Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly. Researchers from around the world rely on the genetic, genomic, and functional information available in FlyBase, as well as its tools to view and interrogate these data. In this article, we describe the latest developments and updates to FlyBase. These include the introduction of single-cell RNA sequencing data, improved content and display of functional information, updated orthology pipelines, new chemical reports, and enhancements to our outreach resources.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139669566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of the San1 ubiquitin ligase in the heat stress-induced degradation of non-native Nup1 in the nuclear pore complex.","authors":"Takanari Ikeda, Kenji Yamazaki, Fumihiko Okumura, Takumi Kamura, Kunio Nakatsukasa","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyae017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyae017","url":null,"abstract":"The nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates the selective exchange of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are characterized by mislocalization of nucleoporins (Nups), transport receptors, and Ras-related nuclear proteins into nucleoplasmic or cytosolic aggregates, underscoring the importance of precise assembly of the NPC. The assembly state of large protein complexes is strictly monitored by the protein quality control system. The ubiquitin-proteasome system may eliminate aberrant, misfolded, and/or orphan components; however, the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the degradation of non-native Nups in the NPC remains unclear. Here, we show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, although Nup1 (the FG-nucleoporin component of the central core of the NPC) was stable, C-terminally green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Nup1, which had been incorporated into the NPC, was degraded by the proteasome especially under heat stress conditions. The degradation was dependent on the San1 ubiquitin ligase and Cdc48/p97, as well as its cofactor Doa1. We also demonstrate that San1 weakly but certainly contributes to the degradation of non-tagged endogenous Nup1 in cells defective in NPC biogenesis by the deletion of NUP120. In addition, the overexpression of SAN1 exacerbated the growth defect phenotype of nup120Δ cells, which may be caused by excess degradation of defective Nups due to the deletion of NUP120. These biochemical and genetic data suggest that San1 is involved in the degradation of non-native nucleoporins generated by genetic mutation or when NPC biogenesis is impaired.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139669041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeneticsPub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad214
Suman Dash, Sameer Joshi, Ajith V Pankajam, Akira Shinohara, Koodali T Nishant
{"title":"Heterozygosity alters Msh5 binding to meiotic chromosomes in the baker's yeast.","authors":"Suman Dash, Sameer Joshi, Ajith V Pankajam, Akira Shinohara, Koodali T Nishant","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad214","url":null,"abstract":"Meiotic crossovers are initiated from programmed DNA Double Strand Breaks (DSBs). The Msh4-Msh5 heterodimer is an evolutionarily conserved mismatch repair related protein complex that promotes meiotic crossovers by stabilizing strand invasion intermediates and joint molecule structures such as Holliday junctions. In vivo studies using homozygous strains of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SK1) show that the Msh4-Msh5 complex associates with DSB hotspots, chromosome axes, and centromeres. Many organisms have heterozygous genomes that can affect the stability of strand invasion intermediates through heteroduplex rejection of mismatch containing sequences. To examine Msh4-Msh5 function in a heterozygous context, we performed ChIP-Seq analysis in a rapidly sporulating hybrid S. cerevisiae strain (S288c-sp/YJM789, containing sporulation enhancing QTLs from SK1), using SNP information to distinguish reads from homologous chromosomes. Overall, Msh5 localization in this hybrid strain was similar to that determined in the homozygous strain (SK1). However, relative Msh5 levels were reduced in regions of high heterozygosity, suggesting that high mismatch densities reduce levels of recombination intermediates to which Msh4-Msh5 binds. Msh5 peaks were also wider in the hybrid background compared to the homozygous strain (SK1). We determined regions containing heteroduplex DNA by detecting chimeric sequence reads with SNPs from both parents. Msh5 bound DSB hotspots overlap with regions that have chimeric DNA, consistent with Msh5 binding to heteroduplex-containing recombination intermediates.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeneticsPub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad200
Takuya Akiyama, Laurel A Raftery, Kristi A Wharton
{"title":"Bone morphogenetic protein signaling: the pathway and its regulation.","authors":"Takuya Akiyama, Laurel A Raftery, Kristi A Wharton","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad200","url":null,"abstract":"In the mid-1960s, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the extracts of bone to have the remarkable ability to induce heterotopic bone. When the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic (dpp) was first identified to share sequence similarity with mammalian BMP2/BMP4 in the late-1980s, it became clear that secreted BMP ligands can mediate processes other than bone formation. Following this discovery, collaborative efforts between Drosophila geneticists and mammalian biochemists made use of the strengths of their respective model systems to identify BMP signaling components and delineate the pathway. The ability to conduct genetic modifier screens in Drosophila with relative ease was critical in identifying the intracellular signal transducers for BMP signaling and the related transforming growth factor-beta/activin signaling pathway. Such screens also revealed a host of genes that encode other core signaling components and regulators of the pathway. In this review, we provide a historical account of this exciting time of gene discovery and discuss how the field has advanced over the past 30 years. We have learned that while the core BMP pathway is quite simple, composed of 3 components (ligand, receptor, and signal transducer), behind the versatility of this pathway lies multiple layers of regulation that ensures precise tissue-specific signaling output. We provide a sampling of these discoveries and highlight many questions that remain to be answered to fully understand the complexity of BMP signaling.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"238 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138823983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeneticsPub Date : 2023-12-20DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad213
P Jane Yeadon, Frederick J Bowring, David E A Catcheside
{"title":"Recombination hotspots in Neurospora crassa controlled by idiomorphic sequences and meiotic silencing.","authors":"P Jane Yeadon, Frederick J Bowring, David E A Catcheside","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad213","url":null,"abstract":"Genes regulating recombination in specific chromosomal intervals of Neurospora crassa were described in the 1960s but the mechanism is still unknown. For each of the rec-1, rec-2 and rec-3 genes, a single copy of the putative dominant allele, for example rec-2SL found in St Lawrence OR74 A wild type, reduces recombination in chromosomal regions specific to that gene. However, when we sequenced the recessive allele, rec-2LG (derived from the Lindegren 1A wild type) we found that a 10 kb region in rec-2SL strains was replaced by a 2.7 kb unrelated sequence, making the \"alleles\" idiomorphs. When we introduced sad-1, a mutant lacking the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that silences unpaired coding regions during meiosis into crosses heterozygous rec-2SL/rec-2LG, it increased recombination, indicating that meiotic silencing of a gene promoting recombination is responsible for dominant suppression of recombination. Consistent with this, mutation of rec-2LG by RIP (Repeat-Induced Point mutation) generated an allele with multiple stop codons in the predicted rec-2 gene, which does not promote recombination and is recessive to rec-2LG. Sad-1 also relieves suppression of recombination in relevant target regions, in crosses heterozygous for rec-1 alleles and in crosses heterozygous for rec-3 alleles. We conclude that for all three known rec genes, one allele appears dominant only because meiotic silencing prevents the product of the active, \"recessive\", allele from stimulating recombination during meiosis. In addition, the proposed amino acid sequence of REC-2 suggests that regulation of recombination in Neurospora differs from any currently known mechanism.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138824888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeneticsPub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad210
Tianjing Zhao, Fangyi Wang, Richard Mott, Jack Dekkers, Hao Cheng
{"title":"Using encrypted genotypes and phenotypes for collaborative genomic analyses to maintain data confidentiality.","authors":"Tianjing Zhao, Fangyi Wang, Richard Mott, Jack Dekkers, Hao Cheng","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad210","url":null,"abstract":"To adhere to and capitalize on the benefits of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles in agricultural genome-to-phenome studies, it is crucial to address privacy and intellectual property issues that prevent sharing and reuse of data in research and industry. Direct sharing of genotype and phenotype data is often prohibited due to intellectual property and privacy concerns. Thus there is a pressing need for encryption methods that obscure confidential aspects of the data, without affecting the outcomes of certain statistical analyses. A homomorphic encryption method for genotypes and phenotypes (HEGP) has been proposed for single-marker regression in genome-wide association studies using linear mixed models with Gaussian errors. This methodology permits frequentist likelihood-based parameter estimation and inference. In this paper, we extend HEGP to broader applications in genome-to-phenome analyses. We show that HEGP is suited to commonly used linear mixed models for genetic analyses of quantitative traits including GBLUP and RR-BLUP, as well as Bayesian variable selection methods (e.g., those in Bayesian Alphabet), for genetic parameter estimation, genomic prediction, and genome-wide association studies. By advancing the capabilities of HEGP, we offer researchers and industry professionals a secure and efficient approach for collaborative genomic analyses while preserving data confidentiality.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"123 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138692849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeneticsPub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad209
Hillel T Schwartz, Chieh-Hsiang Tan, Jackeline Peraza, Krystal Louise T Raymundo, Paul W Sternberg
{"title":"Molecular identification of a peroxidase gene controlling body size in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum.","authors":"Hillel T Schwartz, Chieh-Hsiang Tan, Jackeline Peraza, Krystal Louise T Raymundo, Paul W Sternberg","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad209","url":null,"abstract":"The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema hermaphroditum was recently rediscovered and is being developed as a genetically tractable experimental system for the study of previously unexplored biology, including parasitism of its insect hosts and mutualism with its bacterial endosymbiont Xenorhabdus griffiniae. Through whole-genome re-sequencing and genetic mapping we have for the first time molecularly identified the gene responsible for a mutationally defined phenotypic locus in an entomopathogenic nematode. In the process we observed an unexpected mutational spectrum following EMS mutagenesis in this species. We find that the ortholog of the essential C. elegans peroxidase gene skpo-2 controls body size and shape in S. hermaphroditum. We confirmed this identification by generating additional loss-of-function mutations in the gene using CRISPR-Cas9. We propose that the identification of skpo-2 will accelerate gene targeting in other Steinernema entomopathogenic nematodes used commercially in pest control, as skpo-2 is X-linked and males hemizygous for loss of its function can mate, making skpo-2 an easily recognized and maintained marker for use in co-CRISPR.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138692453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeneticsPub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad208
John M Urban, Jack R Bateman, Kodie R Garza, Julia Borden, Jaison Jain, Alexia Brown, Bethany J Thach, Jacob E Bliss, Susan A Gerbi
{"title":"Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila larvae up-regulate DNA repair pathways and down-regulate developmental regulators in response to ionizing radiation.","authors":"John M Urban, Jack R Bateman, Kodie R Garza, Julia Borden, Jaison Jain, Alexia Brown, Bethany J Thach, Jacob E Bliss, Susan A Gerbi","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad208","url":null,"abstract":"The level of resistance to radiation and the developmental and molecular responses can vary between species, and even between developmental stages of one species. For flies (Order: Diptera), prior studies concluded that the fungus gnat Bradysia (Sciara) coprophila (sub-order: Nematocera) is more resistant to irradiation-induced mutations that cause visible phenotypes than the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (sub-order: Brachycera). Therefore, we characterized the effects of and level of resistance to ionizing radiation on B. coprophila throughout its life cycle. Our data show that B. coprophila embryos are highly sensitive to even low doses of gamma-irradiation, whereas late-stage larvae can tolerate up to 80 Gy (compared to 40 Gy for D. melanogaster) and still retain their ability to develop to adulthood, though with a developmental delay. To survey the genes involved in the early transcriptional response to irradiation of B. coprophila larvae, we compared larval RNA-seq profiles with and without radiation treatment. The up-regulated genes were enriched for DNA damage response genes, including those involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, whereas the down-regulated genes were enriched for developmental regulators, consistent with the developmental delay of irradiated larvae. Interestingly, members of the PARP and AGO families were highly upregulated in the B. coprophila radiation response. We compared the transcriptome responses in B. coprophila to the transcriptome responses in D. melanogaster from three previous studies: whereas pathway responses are highly conserved, specific gene responses are less so. Our study lays the groundwork for future work on the radiation responses in Diptera.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138563894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeneticsPub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad193
Gabor Juhász, Aashiq H. Kachroo, David Kadosh, Toshie Kai, Daniel Kalderon, Oguz Kanca, Nolan Kane, Hyun Min Kang, Si-Yong Kang, Joshua Kaplan, Martin Kapun, David Karasik, X. Karp, Gary Karpen, Cooper Kashtelyan, Yona Kassir, Judith Kassis, Prasad Kasturi, Martin Kater, Thomas Kaufman, Kerstin Kaufman, Paul Kaufman, Karla Kaun, Tadeusz Kawecki, Siraj Kayondo, Wenfan Ke, Gregory Keele, Patrick Keeling, Alex Keene, A. Keinan, Krystyna Keleman, Erin Kelleher, Christina Kelliher, Elizabeth Kellogg, John Kelly, Gavin Kelsey, Scott Kennedy, Michael Keogh, Benjamin Kerr, Oliver Kerscher, Douglas Kiel, Amy Kiger, Kyuhyung Kim, Nayun Kim, John Kim, Sarah Kim-Hellmuth, Elizabeth King, Mark Kirkpatrick, Ranjana Kishore, Satoshi Kitamura, Maiko Kitaoka, Christian Klaembt, Hannah Klein, Daniel Kliebenstein, Anke Kloock, Hisato Kobayashi, Kyunghee Koh, Chandrika Konwar, Maarten Koornneef, David Kopecky, Sergey Koren, Tom Kornberg, Katharine Korunes, Douglas Koshland, Luise Kost, Sandhya Koushika, Genevieve Kozak, Helmut
{"title":"GENETICS 2023 Reviewer Index","authors":"Gabor Juhász, Aashiq H. Kachroo, David Kadosh, Toshie Kai, Daniel Kalderon, Oguz Kanca, Nolan Kane, Hyun Min Kang, Si-Yong Kang, Joshua Kaplan, Martin Kapun, David Karasik, X. Karp, Gary Karpen, Cooper Kashtelyan, Yona Kassir, Judith Kassis, Prasad Kasturi, Martin Kater, Thomas Kaufman, Kerstin Kaufman, Paul Kaufman, Karla Kaun, Tadeusz Kawecki, Siraj Kayondo, Wenfan Ke, Gregory Keele, Patrick Keeling, Alex Keene, A. Keinan, Krystyna Keleman, Erin Kelleher, Christina Kelliher, Elizabeth Kellogg, John Kelly, Gavin Kelsey, Scott Kennedy, Michael Keogh, Benjamin Kerr, Oliver Kerscher, Douglas Kiel, Amy Kiger, Kyuhyung Kim, Nayun Kim, John Kim, Sarah Kim-Hellmuth, Elizabeth King, Mark Kirkpatrick, Ranjana Kishore, Satoshi Kitamura, Maiko Kitaoka, Christian Klaembt, Hannah Klein, Daniel Kliebenstein, Anke Kloock, Hisato Kobayashi, Kyunghee Koh, Chandrika Konwar, Maarten Koornneef, David Kopecky, Sergey Koren, Tom Kornberg, Katharine Korunes, Douglas Koshland, Luise Kost, Sandhya Koushika, Genevieve Kozak, Helmut","doi":"10.1093/genetics/iyad193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad193","url":null,"abstract":"Below is a list of individuals who have reviewed manuscripts for GENETICS during the preparation of Volumes 223, 224, and 225 (2023). The aim of GENETICS is to communicate significant research. To succeed, we must recognize what is significant, making sure the presentation is accurate, unambiguous","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":" 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138616825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeneticsPub Date : 2023-07-11DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525249
Yibing Zeng, R. Dawe, J. Gent
{"title":"Natural methylation epialleles correlate with gene expression in maize","authors":"Yibing Zeng, R. Dawe, J. Gent","doi":"10.1101/2023.01.23.525249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.23.525249","url":null,"abstract":"DNA methylation (5-methylcytosine) represses transposon activity and contributes to inaccessible chromatin structure of repetitive DNA in plants. It is depleted from cis regulatory elements in and near genes but is present in some gene bodies, including exons. Methylation in exons solely in the CG context is called gene body methylation (gbM). Methylation in exons in both CG and non-CG contexts is called TE-like methylation (teM). Assigning functions to both forms of methylation in genes has proven to be challenging. Toward that end, we utilized recent genome assemblies, gene annotations, transcription data, and methylome data to quantify common patterns of gene methylation and their relations to gene expression in maize. To compare between genomes, we analyzed each data source relative to its own genome assembly rather than the easier but less accurate method of using one assembly as reference for all. We found that gbM genes exist in a continuum of CG methylation levels without a clear demarcation between unmethylated genes and gbM genes. Analysis of expression levels across diverse maize stocks and tissues revealed a weak but highly significant positive correlation between gbM and gene expression except in endosperm. gbM epialleles were associated with an approximately 3% increase in steady-state expression level relative to unmethylated epialleles. In contrast to gbM genes, which were conserved and were broadly expressed across tissues, we found that teM genes, which make up about 12% of genes, are mainly silent, are limited to specific maize stocks, and exhibit evidence of annotation errors. We used these data to flag all teM genes in the 26 NAM founder genome assemblies. While some teM genes are likely functional, these data suggest that the majority are not, and their inclusion can confound interpretation of whole-genome studies.","PeriodicalId":12706,"journal":{"name":"Genetics","volume":"225 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45200151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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