Journal of International Relations and Policy最新文献

{"title":"Afghanistan-Pakistan Political Relations (1963-73)","authors":"Zahid Khalili, Abdul Hameed Seerat, Ahmad Neshat Keliwaal","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1711","url":null,"abstract":"Purposed: History of Pak-Afghan relations reflects ups and downs. Prior to the creation of Pakistan on 14th August 1947, Afghanistan asked the British that, before their departure from India, they must return back those Pakhtoon dominant territories which had been annexed by British from Afghanistan. However, British quitted India without considering Afghan demand. Pakistan came into being in 1947; \u0000Methodology: Afghanistan raised its territorial dispute with Pakistan. It was the first Muslim country which opposed Pakistan’s entry into the United Nations Organization (UNO). In 1949, Afghanistan’s Loya Jirga declared that they did not recognize the Durand Line as its international border with Pakistan. It also extended its support to an independent Pakhtoonistan and affirmed that it would continue its efforts in this regard.  Afghanistan’s this stand made the future course of Pak-Afghan relations. \u0000Findings: The study highlights and analyzes the role of different events and personalities which affected Pak-Afghan relations deeply during 1963 till 1973. \u0000Unique Contributor to Theory, Policy and Practice: It concludes that the issues of Durand Line and Pakhtoonistan are the two major bottle-necks in the way of cordial relations between the two countries.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"66 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140411460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural Diplomacy as a Key Component of Economic and Political Diplomacy: The Lessons For Nigeria","authors":"Alex Tamunomiegbam, Frank Amugo, Kia Bariledum, Charmaine Afolab Afolabi","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1425","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of cultural diplomacy as key component of economic and political diplomacy: the lessons for Nigeria using UAE as a benchmark for comparison. \u0000Methodology: The paper used liberal theory to demonstrate the link between cultural and economic diplomacy. This being qualitative research, the paper was anchored on secondary sources, which included textbooks, journal publications, government and newspaper publications. The secondary data collected was thoroughly subjected to content analysis. \u0000Findings: The study revealed that cultural diplomacy builds \"trust\" between countries. This lays the groundwork for political, economic, and military agreements. The goal is to develop durable relationships among the peoples beyond the changes in political leadership, and this is to be done via the trajectory of culture. \u0000Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: this study's findings have far-reaching implications for diplomatic theory, policy formulation, and practical applications. By recognizing the power of cultural diplomacy in building trust, fostering economic growth, and preserving cultural heritage, nations and international actors can work collaboratively to create a more interconnected and harmonious global community.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122616822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating UNHCR's Actions in Response to the Level 3 Sudan War Refugee Crisis in Ethiopia and Uganda: The Role of the Affected Community in the United Nations Policy and Practice Context","authors":"Abdifatah Osman Hussein","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1364","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This project/policy/programe paper aims to evaluate the actions taken by the United Nations High Commisioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in response to the Level 3 Sudan War Refugee Crisis in Ethiopia and Uganda, with a particular focus on the role of the affected community in shaping UNHCR's policy and practice. The objectives are to identify the extent to which the affected community was involved in UNHCR's decision-making process, to evaluate the effectiveness of UNHCR's response to the crisis, and to provide recommendations for future UNHCR interventions in similar contexts. \u0000Methodology: This project/policy/programe paper utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of secondary data from UNHCR and other relevant sources with qualitative data gathered through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, including UNHCR staff, refugees, and host community members. \u0000Results: The findings suggest that while UNHCR made efforts to involve the affected community in its decision-making process, there were significant gaps in communication and consultation. Furthermore, the work-based paper highlights the importance of engaging the host community as equal partners in refugee response efforts, as their support is crucial to ensuring the success of UNHCR's interventions. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This project/policy/programe paper contributes to the literature on community engagement in humanitarian response and provides practical recommendations for improving UNHCR's policy and practice. By highlighting the importance of the host community in refugee response efforts, this project/policy/programe paper offers a new perspective on the role of community-based organizations in humanitarian interventions.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"79 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130924535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus in Addressing Protracted Environmental Conflicts in Somalia: A Critical Review","authors":"Abdifatah Osman Hussein","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1361","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The main objective was to review literature on the Humanitarian-Development– Peace nexus in Action with emphasis on how to solve Protracted Environmental Conflicts   in Somalia. \u0000Methodology: The author reviewed credible secondary data of HDP case studies online as part of a systemic Critical review design. Only official organizational documents from the UN and its bodies, peer-reviewed published research, books, and mass-media outputs related to HDP nexus were admissible to guarantee validity of results and conclusion applicable to Protracted Environmental Conflicts   in Somalia. \u0000Results: Reviewed scoped evidence based on themes concluded that humanitarian -development peace nexus is intended to bridge collaborations among several development players in the humanitarian ecosystem. These collaborations are not limited only to funding and financial drivers, strategies such as resilience agenda pathways for societies, destabilizing the effects of environmental stress, etc. Tackling protracted environmental conflicts in Somalia ultimately leads to sustaining the peace humanitarian, development, and peace interventions agenda (OECD, 2017; FAO, 2018). The paper concluded that Humanitarian-Development– Peace nexus in Action had an impact on Protracted Environmental Conflicts in Somalia. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The paper contributes to the existing literature by reviewing the HDP nexus in action, specifically on how it can solve protracted environmental conflicts in Somalia. It highlights the collaboration among several development players in the humanitarian ecosystem and the strategies that can be used to tackle environmental stress. The paper emphasizes the importance of the HDP nexus in sustaining peace interventions in conflict-affected areas like Somalia. It provides insights on how collaborations and strategies can be used to address protracted environmental conflicts in the country. The paper also offers a systemic critical review design that can be used by humanitarian practitioners and stakeholders to evaluate the effectiveness of HDP nexus programs in addressing protracted environmental conflicts. It highlights the importance of using credible secondary data sources and collaboration among development players in the humanitarian ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114715241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the Humanitarian – Development – Peace (HDP) Nexus evidence in Tackling Protracted Environmental Conflicts in Somalia","authors":"Abdifatah Osman Hussein","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1363","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The work-based paper considered how each of the HDP components could be combined to strengthen the overall approach and outcomes of tackling Protracted Environmental Conflicts. \u0000Methodology: The work-based paper methodology rested on mixed methods research whereby converged and merged quantitative and qualitative data collected by KOBOTOOLBOX software were used to validate the Role of the (HDP) Nexus evidence in Tackling Protracted Environmental Conflicts in Somalia. Utilizing the TOC theory and HDP frameworks, the Work based work-based paper aims revolved around creating a logic model based on contextual and background factors of the HDP model. The work-based paper Sample size consisted of 112 humanitarian stakeholders, non-staff and staff personnel operating in Somaliland. \u0000Results: results showed gendered differences; (64.5%;40) of males and female participants (22,35.5%) responded to the interviews implying that males’ personnel dominated humanitarian operations. The mean age of all respondents was 37.15 years, while the minimum and maximum ages were 24 and 61, respectively.50(81%) of respondents were familiar with the HDP nexus approach, while 19% had no idea. A further 12 (24%) had incorporated medium to long-term strategies in their organisations.92% of respondents felt that that the triple nexus was appropriate to address the protracted crisis in Somalia.qualitative result indicated barriers to HDP operationalization were economic, political, donor, technology and environmental peacebuilding in Somali strengthened the local community’s capacity to manage the use of and competition over natural resources thus reduce/prevent conflicts as depicted by a majority observations. Scoping HDP evidence revealed that the HDP model was in use and highly successful in many conflict areas although practical local based variations of HDP nexus application in Somalia provided mixed results. Consequently, an integrated logic model ‘PHDPNRS’; pathways of HDP nexus reality in Somali’ was created to solve PEV. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The work-based paper contributes to the literature on the HDP nexus by demonstrating its potential to tackle protracted environmental conflicts in Somalia. It introduces a new logic model called 'PHDPNRs' that can guide future research and implementation. The work-based paper provides policy recommendations for enhancing the operationalization of the HDP nexus in Somalia. These include the need for medium to long-term strategies, increased funding, and local-based variations of the approach. The work-based paper provides practical insights into the barriers and facilitators of operationalizing the HDP nexus in conflict-affected areas. It recommends strengthening the local community's capacity to manage natural resources to prevent conflicts.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134098495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of E-Government Technologies in Kenyan Foreign Affairs Diplomacy. A Critical Literature Review.","authors":"Jane Njeri Njeri","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1107","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose:   Among the communication methods significant to diplomacy is signaling. Signaling in diplomacy is characterized by ambiguity that is deemed creative as well as constructive. The overall objective of this study was to examine use of E-government technologies in Kenyan foreign affairs diplomacy. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. \u0000Findings: This study concluded that that there are several studies that have explored the concept of digital diplomacy at various levels of analysis especially in the developed countries. Nonetheless, there were several gaps identified when it came to examining the concept of digital diplomacy in developing countries particularly those in the African continent. Diplomatic communication was noted to have transitioned as communication did. Some of the notable communication technologies that have influenced diplomatic communication included the telegraph, air mail, radio, television, telephone and modern-day information communication technologies. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study recommended that in addition to the efforts of further equipping the ministry with high tech digital equipment’s, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade needs to consider that digital resources toolkits should be matched with the needs of digital diplomacy. This is because certain pieces of technology are best suited in pursuant of identified foreign policy objectives. Moreover, procuring of digital resources should be matched with extensive training of the staff on how they can utilize them to achieve maximum benefits.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"164 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117274156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Digital Platforms to Commit Nefarious Activities Globally. A Critical Literature Review.","authors":"Richard Daguatha Daguatha","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1106","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Social media use among youth has been associated with influences on personal security. Factors such as victim predisposition to cyber-attacks, presence of vulnerabilities in network, lack of specific legal framework to deal with cybercrime and inadequate capacity of law enforcement to deal with online crimes has led to cases of breach to personal security. The overall objective of this study was to examine use of digital platforms to commit nefarious activities globally. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. \u0000Findings: This study concluded that about 84% of youth respondents had opinion that Facebook was most insecure. Fake jobs were listed as the most prevalent crime in social media by youth respondents at 35.90% of all the social media crimes listings in this research. It was followed by online romance scams at 16.24%, hacking at 13.68%, cyber bullying at 12.82%, cyberstalking at 11.11% and identity theft at 10.28%, based on the number of times they were listed by youth respondents. The youth respondents felt that social media platform that had the highest number of crimes was Facebook at 79.49%, followed by Email at 5.98%, Instagram at 5.13% and both WhatsApp and YouTube at 4.27%. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study recommended that it would be necessary for tracking of social media criminals and victims to be improved, there should be awareness creation to the youth to come out and identify possible accounts, interactions and persons likely to be suspects. Victims should not fear reporting to law enforcement agencies. Public and private sector partnerships and cooperation in tracking of suspects of social media crimes should be improved.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114165531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception on Private Securization on Service Delivery in Owned Businesses in Africa. A Critical Literature Review.","authors":"John Kimani Kimani","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1109","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose:   Security service delivery in public sector is crucial as it entails protecting government personnel as well as property. Therefore, security is increasingly viewed as a key condition for economic growth and development. The overall objective of this study was to examine perception on private securization on service delivery in owned businesses in Africa. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. \u0000Findings: The study concluded that outsourcing security services, frees up time required for recruiting personnel’s and managing them, which gives enough time to concentrate on the core services provided by the organization. This has significantly improved efficiency and enhanced better service delivery in outsourcing firms. In contrast, outsourcing of security services from advertisement process, to examining backgrounds and training is a laborious time-consuming exercise, which as a result also saves overall costs of this outsourced services. This process is usually better handled by the specialized companies than contracting organizations. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: It is recommended that it’s most appropriate for enterprises to strengthen their cash protection security services. This can be achieved through outsourcing of highly skilled security services from reputable security firms. The institutions should also provide regular trainings to the security officers on effective cash protection. Further, the study recommends that security officers should be trained on how to protect human life especially, the personnel that they are supposed to protect. The security officers should also make sure that they conduct thorough checkups on any persons accessing the company premises.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114763961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China Economic Relations with Developing Countries in Africa. A Critical Literature Review","authors":"Robert Kariuki Kariuki","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1105","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose:  Although not yet a superpower, China has propelled itself to both challenges and the existing status quo that has brought it into direct competition with other superpowers. The overall objective of this study was to examine china economic relations with developing countries in Africa. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. \u0000Findings: This study concluded that hat the changes in China Africa relations were informed by the shifting of bilateral relations from 1989-2003. The shifts of bilateral relations were informed by the change of regimes. Economic engagement between China and Africa during the period 1977-1990, accounted for these foreign aid, economic and technical cooperation between both countries. During this period, the Tolbert and Doe’s administrations accounted for China Africa economic engagement. From the findings, the Doe and Taylor regimes severed bilateral relations with China which accounted for low economic interaction between China and Africa developing countries from 1989 to 2003. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study recommended that it would be necessary for the African government to create a comprehensive strategy that would effectively balance its relations with China and the West. In addition, the African government needs to unleash its full potential and establish a policy for long-term development that corresponds with the interests of its citizens.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"360 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122787422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Intergovernmental Organizations on Poverty Reduction in Africa. A Critical Literature Review.","authors":"J. Mutembei","doi":"10.47941/jirp.1108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jirp.1108","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Fiscal decentralization will increase the degree of efficiency in the allocation of resources because sub-national governments have an information and proximity advantage over central governments when it comes to responding to the needs and preferences of local citizens. The overall objective of this study was to examine role of intergovernmental organizations on poverty reduction. \u0000Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. \u0000Findings: The study concluded that fiscal decentralization has distributive effects. The effect of fiscal decentralization on poverty reduction outcomes and human developments depends on the nature and design of fiscal decentralization, the extent of fiscal decentralization and county specifics. Since fiscal decentralization is implemented in various forms such as intergovernmental transfers, own source revenue assignment and expenditure decentralization, the effects of each of these were analyzed. The conclusions from the findings are presented in the following paragraphs. From the findings related to intergovernmental transfers the study concludes that intergovernmental transfers increase poverty incidence at low levels below 18.42 percent. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: It is recommended that it’s most appropriate for national government to be in charge of administration of welfare and equity programmes. This is because intergovernmental transfers and county expenditure were associated with increasing poverty and also have no effect on income inequality and health outcomes in the counties in Kenya. The administration of welfare and equity programmes such as cash transfer programmes, child nutrition, and maternal health care will be more beneficial if implemented and coordinated by the national government.","PeriodicalId":127045,"journal":{"name":"Journal of International Relations and Policy","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132002014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}