DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy最新文献

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.2310/gastro.4070

M. Fix, Steven Glerum

引用次数: 0

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2021-01-29 DOI: 10.2310/GASTRO.5483

M. Lin, A. Wall

{"title":"Hepatitis B Virus","authors":"M. Lin, A. Wall","doi":"10.2310/GASTRO.5483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/GASTRO.5483","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health burden worldwide, with approximately 257 million people with chronic infection. HBV is a small partially double-stranded DNA virus that replicates within the nucleus of the hepatocyte and commonly leads to chronic infection. Chronic HBV infection can cause cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and extrahepatic manifestations such as glomerulonephritis or vasculitis. The latter is due to deposition of circulating immune complex in the different tissues. The natural history of HBV infection can be conceptualized as a spectrum encompassing different phases, including immune tolerance, immune clearance, inactive carrier, and reactivation and resolution. The diagnosis of the different phases of chronic HBV infection relies on various HBV serologies, liver enzyme levels, and histology findings. There are currently eight therapies approved for the treatment of HBV. Tenofovir alafenamide was the most recently approved therapy with a better side effect profile compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. With the recent advances in the basic research in hepatitis B, new treatment options may become available in the near-future.\u0000This review contains 9 figures, 11 tables and 80 references\u0000Key words: cirrhosis, entecavir, Hepadnaviridae, hepatitis B virus, hepatocellular carcinoma, precore mutation, tenofovir","PeriodicalId":126723,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy","volume":"183 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115824712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Alcoholic Liver Disease 酒精性肝病

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2021-01-20 DOI: 10.2310/gastro.5490

Tibor I. Krisko, G. Baffy, Alexander S. Vogel

引用次数: 0

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 胃食管反流病

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.2310/GASTRO.5422

R. Iii, Walter Wai-Yip Chan

{"title":"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease","authors":"R. Iii, Walter Wai-Yip Chan","doi":"10.2310/GASTRO.5422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/GASTRO.5422","url":null,"abstract":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common gastrointestinal diagnosis made in outpatient clinics, responsible for over 5 million annual outpatient visits and likely hundreds of thousands of inpatient stays for noncardiac chest pain. GERD’s current definition, based on international consensus, is a “condition which develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms (i.e., at least two heartburn episodes per week) and/or complications.” Also defining GERD is the presence of erosive esophagitis on upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD]) with or without the presence of troublesome symptoms or the presence of troublesome symptoms without endoscopic evidence of erosive esophagitis (also known as nonerosive reflux disease). This review looks at GERD in detail, including its epidemiology and risk factors, genetics, pathogenesis and etiologic factors, clinical presentation and symptoms, differentials, diagnosis, and complications. Figures presented are an EGD image showing signs of erosive esophagitis, Barrett esophagus, and hiatal hernia and sample recordings from a 24-hour combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH testing. Tables list differential diagnoses for GERD, indications for performing EGD in patients with GERD symptoms, and a summary of GERD therapies.\u0000This review contains 2 figures, 4 tables, and 74 references. ","PeriodicalId":126723,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126959276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding 非静脉曲张性上消化道出血

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2020-11-12 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49041-0_2

S. Rotman, J. Saltzman

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Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2020-07-23 DOI: 10.2310/GASTRO.1422

M. Ison

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Allograft Liver Biopsy 同种异体肝脏活检

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2019-04-18 DOI: 10.2310/gastro.14051

E. Little, M. Berenguer

{"title":"Allograft Liver Biopsy","authors":"E. Little, M. Berenguer","doi":"10.2310/gastro.14051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/gastro.14051","url":null,"abstract":"Although not ideal, liver biopsy is the best available method for evaluation of the liver and is considered the gold standard. The most common use of liver biopsies in the posttransplantation setting is for diagnosis of allograft dysfunction presenting with abnormal liver chemistry tests. The causes of allograft dysfunction differ according to time. Early on, preservation and reperfusion injury, infection, donor-related disease, and acute rejection are more common. Later, disease recurrence, de novo disease, and chronic rejection are seen more frequently. A complete history and physical examination are followed by ultrasonography with Doppler. If biliary or vascular causes are suspected, further imaging is performed and stents or surgery planned. If these tests are not diagnostic, a liver biopsy is performed. In addition to diagnosis of allograft dysfunction, protocol liver biopsy can be helpful particularly to diagnose disease recurrence, particularly the immune-mediated diseases, as well as to evaluate the patient for eligibility for immunosuppression minimization and possible withdrawal. Given the risks and cost associated with liver biopsy, several methods are used for evaluation of fibrosis and rejection in the liver allograft. Although very promising, these methods have not been widely validated and are not ready for clinical use.\u0000 This review contains 9 figures, 2 tables, and 54 references. \u0000Key Words: biopsy to diagnose allograft liver dysfunction, disease recurrence after liver transplant, immunosuppression withdrawal after liver transplant, liver biopsy to guide immunosuppression minimization, noninvasive methods to evaluate liver allograft, posttransplant diagnostic liver biopsy, preservation and reperfusion injury, protocol liver biopsy after transplant","PeriodicalId":126723,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120950055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Acute and Chronic Rejection in Liver Transplantation 肝移植的急性和慢性排斥反应

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2019-04-15 DOI: 10.2310/gastro.14050

Ester Coelho Little, M. Berenguer

{"title":"Acute and Chronic Rejection in Liver Transplantation","authors":"Ester Coelho Little, M. Berenguer","doi":"10.2310/gastro.14050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/gastro.14050","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in immunosuppression have improved the outcome of transplantation. Although early cellular rejection does not adversely impact transplantation outcome, late cellular rejection appears to behave differently from both a clinical and a histologic point of view, potentially resulting in poor outcomes. Histologic assessments continue to play an important role in the diagnosis and management of liver allograft rejection. Former conditions known as “de novo autoimmune hepatitis” and “idiopathic posttransplantation chronic hepatitis” are currently labeled “atypical cases of rejection” and late T cell–mediated rejection. There is increasing evidence to suggest that central perivenulitis may be an important manifestation of these immune conditions. In addition, although the liver appears relatively resistant to donor-specific antibody–mediated injury, alloantibody-mediated adverse consequences are increasingly being recognized, including cases of acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection and the potential implication of atypical immune-mediated manifestations of rejection, particularly late and chronic rejection. Judicious immunosuppression appears to be a common protective factor against these complications. \u0000This review contains 5 figures, 5 tables, and 72 references.\u0000Key words: antibody-mediated rejection, chronic rejection, de novo autoimmune hepatitis, fibrosis, idiopathic posttransplantation hepatitis, late rejection, liver transplantation, plasma cell–rich rejection, T cell–mediated rejection","PeriodicalId":126723,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131311423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ethical and Social Issues in Medicine 医学中的伦理和社会问题

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2019-04-03 DOI: 10.2310/gastro.1222

R. Loewy, E. Loewy, Faith T. Fitzgerald

{"title":"Ethical and Social Issues in Medicine","authors":"R. Loewy, E. Loewy, Faith T. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.2310/gastro.1222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/gastro.1222","url":null,"abstract":"So rapidly has the field of health care ethics continued to grow that, when recently “googled,” the term produced 28.2 million hits. The challenge is to address the ethical and social issues in medicine in this very limited article space. It remains an impossible task to present more than a superficial discussion of these complex issues and the complicated cases in which they are to be found. Like good medicine, good ethics cannot be practiced by algorithm. The authors have opted to provide an operational guide to help clinicians sort through the ethical and social quandaries they must face on a daily basis. To that end, the authors have chosen to divide this chapter into the following sections: 1. A brief description of the biopsychosocial nature of ethics and how it differs from personal morality 2. A method for identifying and dealing with ethical issues 3. A discussion of the role of bioethicists and ethics committees 4. The professional fiduciary role of clinicians 5. Listings of some of the common key bioethical and legal terms (online access only) 6. A very brief discussion of the terms cited in the above listings (online access only)\u0000This reviews contains 4 tables, 8 references, 1 appendix, and 20 additional readings.\u0000Keywords: Ethical, social, right, wrong, good, bad, obligation, moral authority, critically reflective, and multiperspectival activity, Curiosity, Honesty, Patience, Open-mindedness","PeriodicalId":126723,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132613291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Autoimmune Pancreatitis 自身免疫性胰腺炎

DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Pub Date : 2018-07-17 DOI: 10.2310/gastro.5467

Allison L Yang, Julia McNabb-Baltar

{"title":"Autoimmune Pancreatitis","authors":"Allison L Yang, Julia McNabb-Baltar","doi":"10.2310/gastro.5467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2310/gastro.5467","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a subcategory of chronic pancreatitis that is highly responsive to steroids. The term was first proposed in 1995 by Yoshida and colleagues, and since its discovery, the diagnosis of AIP has dramatically increased. AIP is a chronic fibroinflammatory disease characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and fibrosis on histology. There are two distinct subtypes: type 1 AIP is the pancreatic manifestation of a systemic serum immunoglobulin G subtype 4–related disease (IgG4-RD) and type 2 AIP is described clinically as idiopathic duct-centric pancreatitis and has no association with IgG4. Clinically, AIP presents most commonly as obstructive jaundice in type 1 AIP and can present as acute pancreatitis in type 2 AIP. The diagnostic criteria include histology, imaging findings, and responsiveness to steroids as well as laboratory findings and other organ involvement. The mainstay of treatment is steroid therapy, with immunomodulators such as rituximab used for maintenance or relapsing disease. Long-term complications of AIP include pancreatic insufficiency and are often associated with relapsing disease.\u0000This review contains 45 references, 1 figure, and 2 tables.\u0000Key Words: autoimmune pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, EUS-guided biopsy, IgG4, immunomodulatory, obstructive jaundice, pancreas mass, steroid","PeriodicalId":126723,"journal":{"name":"DeckerMed Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127124432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0