African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Medium Term Climate Change Effects on Millet Yields in Gulu District, Northern Uganda","authors":"G. Oriangi, Y. Bamutaze, P. Mukwaya, Edekebon Elaijah","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1919","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is expected to adversely affect crop yields and livelihoods of agro-dependent societies, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there remain gaps on the effects of expected regional climatic changes on key food security crops. This study assessed the projected climatic conditions and expected changes in millet yields for Paicho Sub County (S/C) in Gulu District up to the year 2033 using a cross sectional study design. To determine future climatic conditions, PRECIS (Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies) model was used based on projected conditions at a 50 km spatial resolution while millet yields were modelled using Penman Grindley soil moisture balance model. PRECIS projected changes for 2033 reveal a strong and significant decrease in rainfall (p< 0.05). This is likely to decrease millet yields by 2.6% below the average current yields of 1.8 tons per hectare per year under business-as-usual scenario. The finding indicates a need for improved millet varieties that can survive under changed climatic conditions","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":"115 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140986293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vulnerability of the Pteridoflora Towards Climate Change in the West Albertine Rift: Case of the Mountain’s Stages of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","authors":"Jean de Dieu Mangambu Mokoso, Fundiko Cakupewa Marie, Honorine Nahobavuka Habimana, Josué Aruna Sefu, Idrissa Assumani Zabo, F. K. Botelanyele, Katusi Lomalisa Roger","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1916","url":null,"abstract":"The present article aims at analysing the floristic composition of Lycophytes and Ferns to test the disturbances on the vegetation structure occurring in the mountains zones of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP), further, to prove/underline the main threat and the vulnerability which actually is impacting the biodiversity in the mountains of the Western Albertine Rift due to climate changes and resulting in habitat loss as well as result of anthropogenic activities. The KBNP is located at the crossroad of the phytogeography regions of the Guinea-Congolese and Afromontane between 650 to 3326 m of altitude. During 10 years, we conducted comparison studies in the habitats (disturbed and undisturbed) encountered on the vegetation that scales between 1250 à 3300 m of altitude in 30 plots, 15 transects on a one kilometre. The results obtained reveal a variation in the flora composition within the three stages. The difference in the height, the diametric distribution (trees and shrubs) as well as the presence of Pteridophytes between undisturbed and disturbed habitats is highly significant within the 10 years’ observations. In stable and mature parcels, Pteridophytes constitute a very rich, diversified and stable population. Permanent threat manifested through the fragility of the habitats and is further translated by a modification of the floristic composition of the canopy, and sometimes trough the taming of the undergrowth in disturbed parcels. The mountainous part of the KBNP might probably constitute a climatic refuge for Pteridophytes in the Albertine Rift considering their diversity. Furthermore, considering these adaptations, the diversity and the specificity of the biotopes occupied, as well as the bioecological services recognized to Lycophytes and Ferns, they are the real markers for bioindicators of the delicatessen towards climate changes observed in the western rift Albertine. However, anthropogenic effects and sometimes, natural hazards resulting in this protected area, may also constitute a source of vulnerability for Pteridophytes","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Climate Change-Induced Flooding on Onsite Sanitation Services: A Case Study of Kanyama, Compound in Lusaka, Zambia","authors":"Miyanda Kiplangat Habanyama, Joel Kabika, Lucky Mwiinga","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1861","url":null,"abstract":"The study underscores the absence of a comprehensive assessment of flooding effects on onsite sanitation systems in Kanyama, exacerbating existing issues like inadequate facilities, poor maintenance, and improper waste management. Conducting both qualitative and quantitative methods, the research engaged 210 respondents from six wards in Kanyama, using systematic random sampling for households and purposive sampling for key informants. Employing predictive models (Root Mean Square Error and R-squared values) in SPSS Version 22, the findings revealed negative effects on onsite sanitation systems, including contamination of water, infrastructure damage, and overflowing of pit latrines/septic tanks. Key statistics include 68% of respondents witnessing temperature changes, 63% understanding climate change, and 73% acknowledging changes in rainfall patterns. For flooding, 72% observed increased floods, with a statistical analysis yielding R-squared values of 0.431, 0.427, and 0.373 for water contamination, infrastructure damage, and overflowing of pit latrines/septic tanks, respectively. These values represent the percentage of variation explained by flood-related variables. Chi-squared statistics values of 234.16, 214.564, and 152.132 highlight a significant effect of flood-related variables on observed outcomes. Qualitative data identified themes such as awareness of climate change effects, diverse beliefs, varying community awareness, and the need for tailored education. The study proposed a Sustainability model, emphasizing drainage systems, awareness campaigns, infrastructure development, waste management, and partnerships to enhance community resilience against climate change-induced flooding","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":"14 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140699790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Climate Trend, Meteorological Drought and Farmers' Perception to Climate Change and Variability in Hadero Tunto District, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Desta Sulamo, Sinke Mulugeta","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1702","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, climate change and variability are a hot issue, and more attention needs to be paid to their impact on Ethiopia. Farmers' perception plays a significant role in successfully implementing of adaptation strategies to reduce climate change impacts. The main objective of this study was to assess climate trends, meteorological drought and farmers' perception of climate change variability in Hadero Tunto district, Kembata Tembaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. To determine historical climate trends, 30 years of rainfall and temperature data were obtained from the Hawassa branch of the Ethiopian National Meteorological Service, and trend analysis was performed. The multistage sampling technique was used to select 150 farm households to be surveyed. The modified Mann–Kendall and Sens' slope estimator trend tests were applied to detect the statistical significance of the trend as well as the magnitude in the time series data. The standardized precipitation index was computed for short and long-term scales to characterize the moisture content in the study area. Results of the standardized precipitation index revealed that the total number of drought events was higher in spring than summer. Still, the most extreme drought was recorded in summer. The years 1987 and 2015 experienced extreme drought in summer with indices values of -2.89 and -2.03, respectively, while, -2.27 was the spring season of 2003. In the long-term scale, -1.7 was recorded as the severe value. The historical average annual maximum and minimum temperatures both showed a significant upward trend. Historical annual rainfall shows a negligible downward trend from 1987 to 2016. This trend of rising temperatures and changing rainfall threatens smallholders´ agriculture, who are already limited by access to basic equipment and land use challenges. The descriptive result revealed that most people perceived long-term variability in the rainfall amount and distribution pattern and an increasing trend and variability of temperature. Based on these results, the study recommends that agricultural extension services be enhanced to sensitize the farmers about climate change, thus improving their perception. Further, studies at a larger scale to illustrate the associations between farmers' perceptions of climate change with meteorological data to figure out the risk of climate change are also critical","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":"3 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139526191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Smart Agriculture in Kenya's ASALS: Gaps and Barriers in Policy Development and Implementation","authors":"T. Akuja, J. Kandagor","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.3.1.1690","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an evaluation of the gaps and barriers in policy development and implementation with regard to Climate Change in Kenya's arid and semi-arid lands (ASALS). In spite of concerted efforts and considerable attention accorded to the climate change effects in the region, there is little improvement. Through a desktop review of previous studies and policy documents, this paper examines the mitigation measures proposed and interrogates the practicality of these measures as well as the gaps and challenges in formulation and implementation. The ASALS are the most hit by climate change, and they make up 89% of the country's landmass and are home to approximately 20 million people, which translates to 38% of the Kenyan population. The region is also home to 60% of the country's livestock, and the considerable contribution of livestock to global warming is justification enough to focus on Climate Smart Agriculture in the ASALS. The region is predominantly rural, and for their livelihoods, the farmers rely on rain, which has become unreliable due to climate, hence the persistent food insecurity. Policies have been formulated to address mitigation, adaptation, and food security with outcomes such as improving yields, growing net returns, lessening the emission of Green House Gases, boosting input use and efficiency, enhancing resilience, and improving gender and social inclusion. Understanding the constraints in the implementation of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices would be useful in improving policy formulation and intervention planning. The findings of this study reveal gaps and barriers in the formulation and implementation of CSA policies stemming from lack of awareness, which is responsible for the low adaptability levels, nature of land ownership in the ASALS, cultural factors, poor coordination between stakeholders and inadequate funding for CSA projects","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":" 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139625092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Climate Change Anxiety in High School Youths of Kwale County, Kenya","authors":"Patrick M. Mutua, M. Kauti, Leonard Mwangangi, Musyoka Sonnia Nzilani","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1610","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change anxiety refers to negative cognitive, emotional, behavioural, and functional responses to experiences of climate change and has implications on mental health. The current study sought to determine how climate change anxiety relates to cognitive-emotional and functional impairments as well as with experience of climate change and behavioural engagement in youths. The study surveyed 388 youths (aged 13-24 years) in high schools in Kwale County, Kenya. Data were analysed in XLSTAT software using Pearson's correlation and considered significant for values of p ≤ 0.05. Over 60 % of the youths had more than \"Sometimes\" suffered cognitive-emotional impairment, while 63 % were more than \"Sometimes\" inflicted with functional impairment. Additionally, 61 % of the respondents more than \"Sometimes\" reported having had a climate change experience. However, 71 % of the youths were more than \"Sometimes\" engaged in climate change behavioural activities. There were no significant gender differences in the scores. Cognitive-emotional impairment (M = 2.507, SD = 1.267) was significantly (P = 0.0048) associated with behavioural engagement in climate change (M = 3.019, SD = 1.403). Youths attending day schools scored significantly (P = 0.022) higher in functional impairment (M = 2.897, SD = 1.182) than students in boarding schools (M = 2.535, SD = 1.395). Youths aged 13-17 years were substantially more affected by climate change anxiety than those aged 18-24 years. This study identifies a population at risk with high exposure and vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change. The study suggests the need for policies to address climate change anxiety in youths in schools and the use of the youths' pro-environmental behavioural engagements in climate change to improve their adaptive capacity","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":"57 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Emission, Impact on Climate and Mitigation Strategies in Nigeria","authors":"Joy Kehinde Adebisi, Oluyemisi Adebisi-Adelani","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1583","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a global issue, and organizations worldwide have been gathering to develop strategies to reduce global warming and mitigate its effects. Nigeria is not left out as the country faces changes in rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, rising sea levels, flooding, drought and desertification, and land degradation. This review paper investigated the current state of carbon emissions in the country and identified the major contributors. Additionally, the paper highlighted the consequences of carbon emissions and its effects on climate in the different sectors and parts of the country. Furthermore, the review paper suggested various mitigation and adaptation strategies employed with case studies and those that should be applied to decrease emissions at different levels. Lastly, it also discussed the participation of developed countries in climate financing to ensure a green climate. Urgent actions by governments to invest in climate education and renewable energy are required","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":"21 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139249816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Limiting the Adoption of Climate-Resilient Agricultural Practices in and Around Oruchiga Settlement","authors":"Boris Beinomugisha, Doreen Atwongyeire, Rebecca M. Kalibwani","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1423","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to establish the potential factors limiting the adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices in and around the Oruchiga settlement. It was a descriptive study employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches for data collection and analysis. Information was gathered from a sample of 322 respondents and other key informants using questionnaires and interviews. Data was analysed using Microsoft EXCEL and SPSS Version 21.0 to generate both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study identified the different climate-resilient agricultural practices used by smallholder farmers including agroforestry, the use of improved crop varieties and livestock breeds, water-smart technologies, soil fertility management, the use of compost and organic pesticides and small-scale irrigation. The study also found that age, family size (labour), size of land, gender, off-farm activities, group membership and access to credit were some of the potential factors limiting the adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices in the camp. In conclusion, the study confirmed that different climate-resilient agricultural practices are being used by farmers in the area, and these practices have significantly supported food production systems. Despite their great role in agricultural production, the adoption is still constrained by several factors. The study therefore, recommends government to introduce policies that enable farmers to own and cultivate large-scale farms to increase output. Revisiting land policies is paramount if farmers in the area must increase production through adopted climate-resilient agricultural practices. Small-sized land was one of the reasons farmers failed to use recommended practices; therefore, increasing production per unit area through opening new arable land areas would mean that farmers have enough space to try new technologies/practices. The study also recommends that the government 1) consider the farmers’ willingness and factors impeding their practice before introducing climate-resilient agricultural practices; 2) create awareness among the farmers about the overall benefits and challenges of climate-resilient agricultural practices; 3) integrate newly introduced practices with farmer-friendly indigenous practices; and 4) follow down-top approach and include farmers in any decision-making processes","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135734435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fisheries-based Determinants of Fisherfolks’ and their Influence on Access to Impact-based Weather Forecasting in Suba-North sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya","authors":"Owuor’ John Ochieng, M. Owiso, Dominic Kniventon, Barack Omondi Calvince","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1414","url":null,"abstract":"Lake Victoria, the world’s largest freshwater fishery, supports the livelihoods of 4 to 5.6 million economically vulnerable people, with many living on less than $1.25 a day. However, the Lake also witnesses a staggering annual drowning toll of 1,500 to 5,000 fatalities, with two-thirds attributed to storms. Recognising the need for an effective advisory and warning system known as impact-based forecasting (IBF), the HIGHWAY-WISER Project commenced in 2017, focusing on 10 East African beaches, including those in Kenya. Despite its significance, this donor-funded initiative remains relatively unknown and under-researched. This study investigates how fisheries-based factors affect access to IBF in the Lake Victoria region. Data collection involves two key stakeholder groups: policymakers and implementers from the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) and the fisherfolk community, segmented across six beaches. A combination of proportional stratified and simple random sampling yields a sample size of 422 fisherfolk who complete semi-closed questionnaires. Additionally, 30 policymakers and beach management unit (BMU) members are purposively selected as key informants and interviewed. The study reveals that fisheries-based determinants significantly influence IBF access among fisherfolk. These determinants encompass BMU politics and leadership, social networks, the adoption of flags and noticeboards, exposure to storms, boat size, energy sources for propulsion, fisherfolk experience, and timing of fishing activities. To enhance awareness and accessibility, the study recommends greater involvement of community-based organisations and increased training on IBF for fisheries decision-making contexts. This research underscores the importance of further exploration into fisheries-based factors as pivotal determinants of IBF access. It illuminates how these understudied variables factor into the decision-making processes of fisherfolk regarding whether to embark on fishing expeditions, irrespective of the presence or absence of IBF at their respective beaches. Such insights can inform more effective strategies for improving IBF access within this vital socioeconomic context","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132373178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Variability Adaptation Strategies Used by Small-Scale Maize Farmers in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya","authors":"Temina Arivitsa Busolo, M. Koech, E. Wemali","doi":"10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37284/ajccrs.2.1.1400","url":null,"abstract":"The agricultural industry is threatened by climate variability due to its over-reliance on climatic conditions. Maize production faces similar threats due to its sensitivity to climate variations and changes in weather patterns, specifically rainfall and temperature. Increased temperatures, rainfall variability, and heightened frequency of climate extremes, such as long periods of drought, were found to have a significant impact on Kenya’s maize production. This study therefore sought to identify climate variability adaptation strategies used by small-scale maize farmers in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya, to curb the effects of climate variability on maize yield. The study adopted a descriptive survey design where questionnaires were administered to 394 household heads. The results show some farmers chose different adaptation strategies to lessen the impact of climate variability on maize yield, while others stuck to their original methods of farming. Changing crop varieties and changing planting dates were the highly opted-for adaptation strategies, while dry planting, irrigation farming, planting drought-tolerant crops and soil moisture conservation techniques were the least opted-for adaptation strategies. Socioeconomic factors such as land size, education level, age, gender and marital status had a strong influence on the choice of utilisation of various adaptation strategies. So as to curb the adverse outcomes of climate variability and empower small-scale maize farmers, the study recommended proper education on diverse adaptation methods, access to accurate climate data for proper adjustment to planting dates, sensitization on different crop varieties as well as access to financial resources to promote practices like irrigation farming","PeriodicalId":126530,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Climate Change and Resource Sustainability","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133830809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}