Li Weigang, Mayara Chew Marinho, Denise Leyi Li, Vitor Vasconcelos De Oliveira
{"title":"Six-Writings multimodal processing with pictophonetic coding to enhance Chinese language models","authors":"Li Weigang, Mayara Chew Marinho, Denise Leyi Li, Vitor Vasconcelos De Oliveira","doi":"10.1631/fitee.2300384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300384","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While large language models (LLMs) have made significant strides in natural language processing (NLP), they continue to face challenges in adequately addressing the intricacies of the Chinese language in certain scenarios. We propose a framework called Six-Writings multimodal processing (SWMP) to enable direct integration of Chinese NLP (CNLP) with morphological and semantic elements. The first part of SWMP, known as Six-Writings pictophonetic coding (SWPC), is introduced with a suitable level of granularity for radicals and components, enabling effective representation of Chinese characters and words. We conduct several experimental scenarios, including the following: (1) We establish an experimental database consisting of images and SWPC for Chinese characters, enabling dual-mode processing and matrix generation for CNLP. (2) We characterize various generative modes of Chinese words, such as thousands of Chinese idioms, used as question-and-answer (Q&A) prompt functions, facilitating analogies by SWPC. The experiments achieve 100% accuracy in answering all questions in the Chinese morphological data set (CA8-Mor-10177). (3) A fine-tuning mechanism is proposed to refine word embedding results using SWPC, resulting in an average relative error of ≤25% for 39.37% of the questions in the Chinese wOrd Similarity data set (COS960). The results demonstrate that SWMP/SWPC methods effectively capture the distinctive features of Chinese and offer a promising mechanism to enhance CNLP with better efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":12608,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139764989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Style-conditioned music generation with Transformer-GANs","authors":"Weining Wang, Jiahui Li, Yifan Li, Xiaofen Xing","doi":"10.1631/fitee.2300359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300359","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently, various algorithms have been developed for generating appealing music. However, the style control in the generation process has been somewhat overlooked. Music style refers to the representative and unique appearance presented by a musical work, and it is one of the most salient qualities of music. In this paper, we propose an innovative music generation algorithm capable of creating a complete musical composition from scratch based on a specified target style. A style-conditioned linear Transformer and a style-conditioned patch discriminator are introduced in the model. The style-conditioned linear Transformer models musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) event sequences and emphasizes the role of style information. Simultaneously, the style-conditioned patch discriminator applies an adversarial learning mechanism with two innovative loss functions to enhance the modeling of music sequences. Moreover, we establish a discriminative metric for the first time, enabling the evaluation of the generated music’s consistency concerning music styles. Both objective and subjective evaluations of our experimental results indicate that our method’s performance with regard to music production is better than the performances encountered in the case of music production with the use of state-of-the-art methods in available public datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":12608,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139765092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pattern-reconfigurable antenna-assisted secret key generation from multipath fading channels","authors":"Zheng Wan, Mengyao Yan, Kaizhi Huang, Zhou Zhong, Xiaoming Xu, Yajun Chen, Fan Wu","doi":"10.1631/fitee.2300126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300126","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Physical layer key generation (PKG) technology leverages reciprocal channel randomness to generate shared secret keys. However, multipath fading at the receiver may degrade the correlation between legitimate uplink and downlink channels, resulting in a low key generation rate (KGR). In this paper, we propose a PKG scheme based on the pattern-reconfigurable antenna (PRA) to boost the secret key capacity. First, we propose a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) based PRA architecture with the capability of flexible and reconfigurable antenna patterns. Then, we present the PRA-based PKG protocol to improve the KGR via mitigation of the effects of multipath fading. Specifically, a novel algorithm for estimation of the multipath channel parameters is proposed based on atomic norm minimization. Thereafter, a novel optimization method for the matching reception of multipath signals is formulated based on the improved binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) algorithm. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed scheme can resist multipath fading and achieve a high KGR compared to existing schemes. Moreover, our findings indicate that the increased degree of freedom of the antenna patterns can significantly increase the secret key capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12608,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140881868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junwei Wu, Qiong Hua, Hui Xu, Hanqing Yang, Zhengxing Wang, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui
{"title":"Realizing complex beams via amplitude-phase digital coding metasurfaces and semidefinite relaxation optimization","authors":"Junwei Wu, Qiong Hua, Hui Xu, Hanqing Yang, Zhengxing Wang, Qiang Cheng, Tie Jun Cui","doi":"10.1631/fitee.2300146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300146","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Complex beams play important roles in wireless communications, radar, and satellites, and have attracted great interest in recent years. In light of this background, we present a fast and efficient approach to realize complex beams by using semidefinite relaxation (SDR) optimization and amplitude-phase digital coding metasurfaces. As the application examples of this approach, complex beam patterns with cosecant, flat-top, and double shapes are designed and verified using full-wave simulations and experimental measurements. The results show excellent main lobes and low-level side lobes and demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. Compared with previous works, this approach can solve the complex beam-forming problem more rapidly and effectively. Therefore, the approach will be of great significance in the design of beam-forming systems in wireless applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12608,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139588116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for 6G: applications, challenges, and solutions","authors":"Yajun Zhao","doi":"10.1631/fitee.2200666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2200666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scholars are expected to continue enhancing the depth and breadth of theoretical research on reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to provide a higher theoretical limit for RIS engineering applications. Notably, significant advancements have been achieved through both academic research breakthroughs and the promotion of engineering applications and industrialization. We provide an overview of RIS engineering applications, focusing primarily on their typical features, classifications, and deployment scenarios. Furthermore, we systematically and comprehensively analyze the challenges faced by RIS and propose potential solutions including addressing the beamforming issues through cascade channel decoupling, tackling the effects and resolutions of regulatory constraints on RIS, exploring the network-controlled mode for RIS system architecture, examining integrated channel regulation and information modulation, and investigating the use of the true time delay (TTD) mechanism for RIS. In addition, two key technical points, RIS-assisted non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and RIS-based transmitter, are reviewed from the perspective of completeness. Finally, we discuss future trends and challenges in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":12608,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140881976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yonghua Quan, Zhong Tian, Zhengchuan Chen, Min Wang, Yunjian Jia
{"title":"Max-min rate optimization for multi-user MISO-OFDM systems assisted by RIS with a wideband model","authors":"Yonghua Quan, Zhong Tian, Zhengchuan Chen, Min Wang, Yunjian Jia","doi":"10.1631/fitee.2300120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have the capability to change the wireless environment smartly Considering the attenuation of subchannels and crowding users involved in the wideband system, we introduce RISs into the multi-user multi-input single-output (MU-MISO) system with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for performance enhancement. Maximizing the minimum rate of dense users in an MU-MISO-OFDM system assisted by RIS with an approximate practical model is formulated as the joint optimization problem involving subcarrier allocation, transmit precoding (TPC) matrices at the base station, and RIS passive beamforming. A coalition-game subcarrier allocation (CSA) algorithm is proposed to solve space–frequency resource allocation on subcarriers, which reforms the interference topology among dense users. Fractional programming and convex optimization method are used to optimize the TPC matrices and the RIS passive beamforming, which improves the spectral efficiency synthetically across all subchannels in the wideband system. Simulation results indicate that the CSA algorithm provides a significant gain for dense users. Besides, the proposed joint optimization method shows the considerable advantage of the RISs in the MU-MISO-OFDM system.</p>","PeriodicalId":12608,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140881986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lingjun Yang, Sheng Sun, Wei E. I. Sha, Long Li, Jun Hu
{"title":"Multi-feed multi-mode metasurface for independent orbital angular momentum communication in dual polarization","authors":"Lingjun Yang, Sheng Sun, Wei E. I. Sha, Long Li, Jun Hu","doi":"10.1631/fitee.2200471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2200471","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The wavefront control of spin or orbital angular momentum (OAM) is widely applied in the optical and radio fields. However, most passive metasurfaces provide limited manipulations, such as the spin-locked wavefront, a static OAM combination, or an uncontrollable OAM energy distribution. We propose a reflection-type multi-feed metasurface to independently generate multi-mode OAM beams with dynamically switchable OAM combinations and spin states, while simultaneously, the energy distribution of carrying OAM modes is controllable. Specifically, four elements are proposed to overcome the spin-locked phase limitation by combining propagation and geometric phases. The robustness of these elements is analyzed. By involving the amplitude term and multi-feed technology in the design process, the proposed metasurface can generate OAM beams with a controllable energy distribution over modes and switchable mode combinations. OAM-based radio communication with four independent channels is experimentally demonstrated at 14 GHz by employing a pair of the proposed metasurfaces. The powers of different channels are adjustable by the provided amplitude term, and the maximum crosstalk is −9 dB, proving the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":12608,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140882020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beamforming design for RIS-aided amplify-and-forward relay networks","authors":"Xuehui Wang, Feng Shu, Riqing Chen, Peng Zhang, Qi Zhang, Guiyang Xia, Weiping Shi, Jiangzhou Wang","doi":"10.1631/fitee.2300118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1631/fitee.2300118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) in the enhancement of the rate performance is considered to involve the limitation of the RIS being a passive reflector. To address this issue, we propose a RIS-aided amplify-and-forward (AF) relay network in this paper. By jointly optimizing the beamforming matrix at AF relay and the phase-shift matrices at RIS, two schemes are put forward to address a maximizing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) problem. First, aiming at achieving a high rate, a high-performance alternating optimization (AO) method based on Charnes–Cooper transformation and semidefinite programming (CCT-SDP) is proposed, where the optimization problem is decomposed into three subproblems solved using CCT-SDP, and rank-one solutions can be recovered using Gaussian randomization. However, the optimization variables in the CCT-SDP method are matrices, leading to extremely high complexity. To reduce the complexity, a low-complexity AO scheme based on Dinkelbachs transformation and successive convex approximation (DT-SCA) is proposed, where the variables are represented in vector form, and the three decoupling subproblems are solved using DT-SCA. Simulation results verify that compared to three benchmarks (i.e., a RIS-assisted AF relay network with random phase, an AF relay network without RIS, and a RIS-aided network without AF relay), the proposed CCT-SDP and DT-SCA schemes can harvest better rate performance. Furthermore, it is revealed that the rate of the low-complexity DT-SCA method is close to that of the CCT-SDP method.</p>","PeriodicalId":12608,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140882021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}