{"title":"Are There Lessons for Us to Learn?","authors":"D. Chirot","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter draws eight conclusions from previous chapters for contemporary use. The first is that a kind of “blockage” has occurred, whereby powerful interest groups grow stronger and defend their wealth and privileges by blocking essential change and innovation. The second conclusion points out that it is possible to overcome a crisis if there are strong institutions that can be used by a self-aware political elite capable of understanding that change is necessary. The third is that moderate liberals usually emerge in the early stages of revolution, but are apt to be marginalized later on. The fourth adds that people from other political alignments also fall into the same trap. The fifth argues that wars invariably enhance the power of the radicals. The sixth reminds us that we all need to pay attention to what political leaders write and say, and never assume that what sounds like extremism is just opportunistic exaggeration. The seventh remarks on how ideas were also shaped by cultural and intellectual elites who were not identical to political ones. Finally, the eight: if you want a revolution, beware of how it might turn out.","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132527562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revolutions Betrayed","authors":"D. Chirot","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691193670.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193670.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses Third Worldism and its failures. It presents the case of Algeria—a country central to Third Worldism. Its long, successful struggle against French colonialism and its aspiration to create a more just, economically developed socialist society were at the heart of what the Third World movement stood for. The country later fell to widespread corruption and later, violence, which is a case mirrored by other Third World nations discussed in this chapter. In one way or another, the Algerian story has been repeated for most of the Third World socialist or semisocialist revolutionary regimes, though these characteristics are not only limited to such regimes. The chapter shows that what began as truly reformist, idealistic revolutionary movements ultimately degenerated badly, and what is most disturbing about this is that they once held out real promise of something cleaner. To conclude, the chapter presents a final case as a warning: the story of Russia after the collapse of the Communist Soviet Union.","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131643712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revolution as Tragedy","authors":"D. Chirot","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691193670.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193670.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter frames revolutions as sites of tragedy, within which liberal moderates find themselves caught in the midst of a highly volatile political situation. Here, revolutions are defined as being inspired by ideals that call for the building of a better society by deliberately and quickly changing, at a minimum, key political rules, and institutions. From there, the chapter describes four “acts” or stages, similar to the dramatic progression of classic tragedy, which can play out during revolutions. Not all revolutions follow all four of these stages, but some do, and all experience at least two or three of them. Furthermore, the chapter describes an important figure present in many of these revolutions—the liberal moderate—whose misfortune it is to be caught between intransigent resistance to reform by the king and royal court and equally uncompromising revolutionary radicalism.","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127751669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115161602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"359 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124524289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"4. The Tyranny of Idealistic Certitude and Imagined Utopias","authors":"D. Chirot","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that the more transformative the utopia, the more likely it was to meet inevitable, practical barriers. No utopia yet devised fully took into account the imperfections of normal human behavior. Rather than accepting the limitations of their utopian dreams, revolutionary leaders increasingly applied violence to reshape not only their societies but human nature itself. They died unrepentant, still certain they had been right. Within this backdrop, the chapter first turns to the confounding case of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920. This revolution had many of the elements that produced so much violence and repression in previous examples. Yet the Mexican Revolution never became as radical as these others because it did not formulate a coherent utopian ideal. After considering this seeming exception, the chapter turns to the examples of tyrannical certitude—revolutionary regimes willing and able to commit bloody excesses in order to bring about their imagined utopias.","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130936915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reaction, War, Invasion, and Revolutionary Terror","authors":"D. Chirot","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.6","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how civil wars and foreign intervention can strengthen revolutions. It shows that the repressions of even potential—or sometimes just imagined and falsely accused—counterrevolutionaries in France, Russia, and later Iran were very bloody. In France, the revolution led not only to civil war but also to foreign intervention and a long series of international wars. In Russia, outside involvement contributed to a prolonged, terrible civil war. In Iran, the very costly Iraqi invasion of 1980 and subsequent eight-year war also exacted a high price in lives. The paradox is that outside intervention and civil war actually strengthened the revolutionaries in all three of these cases and significantly contributed to their radicalization.","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128764164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incompetence, Chaos, and Extremism","authors":"D. Chirot","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691193670.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691193670.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the trajectories of revolutionary activities in 1789 France, 1917 Russia, 1979 Iran, and 1932–1933 Germany. It reveals that the first act of major revolutions typically saw more moderate forces in the ascendant. In France, Russia, and Iran these were liberal reformers. A quite different example was Germany, when most thought that a right-wing, nationalist army was about to take control with the aim of restoring something close to the pre-1918 conservative imperial regime. Instead, a much more radical, genuinely revolutionary Nazi Party took power. However distinct this was from other revolutions, it was similar in this respect: it took an unanticipated extreme form that very few had foreseen. Adolf Hitler changed Germany in ways unsought by either the left, the moderate center, or the incompetent conservatives who had lost control.","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126870426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incompetence, Chaos, and Extremism:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvp7d46f.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121663410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index of Cited Authors","authors":"R. Morrissey","doi":"10.1002/9781119579816.indauth","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119579816.indauth","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":125533,"journal":{"name":"You Say You Want a Revolution?","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116333548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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