Frontiers in Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Toxicological assessment of novel Anti-COVID traditional Chinese medicine formulae NRICM101 and NRICM102: a comprehensive study on safety and genotoxicity.","authors":"Chun-Tang Chiou, Chao-Lin Chang, Yu-Hwei Tseng, Geng-You Liao, Jiunn-Wang Liao, Yuh-Chiang Shen, Wen-Chi Wei, Keng-Chang Tsai, Yu-Ching Huang, Wen-Chiung Chang, Wen-Fei Chiou, Chia-Ching Liaw, Yi-Chang Su","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1596369","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1596369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the first outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in 2019, the virus continues to circulate globally, even years later. In Taiwan, the novel traditional Chinese medicine formulas, NRICM101 and NRICM102, have been extensively used to treat COVID-19, with Chinese medicine practitioners frequently prescribing them to manage the disease. According to data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, approximately 22% of COVID-19 patients opted for NRICMs' treatments between 2021 and 2022. Despite the widespread use and reported effectiveness of these treatments, it is critical to evaluate the potential risks associated with their prolonged or frequent use. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive toxicological assessment of NRICM101 and NRICM102. Acute oral toxicity was evaluated by administering a single 5 g/kg bw dose to ICR mice and SD rats. No mortality, sex-related differences, or clinical signs of toxicity were observed. Subchronic toxicity was assessed through a 28-day repeated oral administration study with doses of 1.6, 3.1, and 4.8 g/kg bw per day of NRICM101 or 102, which showed no treatment-related deaths or organ pathology. While some hematological changes were noted, they were generally within physiological ranges and showed no consistent dose-dependent trends. Genotoxicity was assessed using three standard assays. The Ames test revealed no mutagenic activity. The <i>in vitro</i> mouse lymphoma assay showed genotoxicity only at the highest concentration (5.0 mg/mL) and only in the absence of S9 metabolic activation, suggesting a context-dependent response possibly linked to direct-acting or cytotoxic effects at excessive doses. In contrast, the <i>in vivo</i> micronucleus assay, which reflects systemic genotoxicity under physiologically relevant conditions, showed negative results. Together, these findings indicate that NRICM101 and NRICM102 are not associated with acute or subchronic toxicity at clinically relevant doses and durations, and they present a low genotoxic risk under standard conditions of use. Nonetheless, further long-term and pharmacokinetic studies are warranted to fully characterize their safety profiles, particularly with high-dose or prolonged administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1596369"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of silvestrol as a potential therapeutic agent for pediatric COVID-19: an interpreted computational and phytochemistry approach.","authors":"Yi Zhang, Shanshan Pu, Hui Wang","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1673591","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1673591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The persistent COVID-19 disease, induced by SARS-CoV-2, sparked great questions about the safety and efficacy of the existing therapies in pediatric patients. The currently available antiviral drugs for treating COVID-19, either remdesivir or monoclonal antibodies, are primarily designed for adults. In many cases, their development has been hindered by concerns about safety and pediatric populations.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In the present study, we consider Silvestrol, a natural product derived from <i>Euphorbia hirta</i>, as a potential treatment for pediatric COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The molecular docking studies revealed that Silvestrol exhibits a highly competitive binding affinity of -7.5 kcal/mol with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, indicating that it may inhibit viral entry. In order to learn more about the dynamics of this interaction, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out, which proved that the protein was stabilized in 150 ns, whereas the ligand showed conformational changes to be fit in the binding pocket, and finally stabilizing. The characterization of the pharmacophore also revealed important interaction points, including four hydrogen bond donors, 12 hydrogen bond acceptors, and eight hydrophobic sites, which increase its binding potential.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The favorable ADMET analysis predicted the pharmacokinetic properties of Silvestrol, which exhibited tumor-killing characteristics <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> activities, and an LD50 of 2,300 mg/kg (toxicity 5), implying a high safety margin. Most toxicity endpoints of Silvestrol were likely to be inactive; however, there was a chance of immunotoxicity and nutritional toxicity, which require further investigation. Its reactivity in antiviral interactions has been confirmed by its reasonable value of 0.20606 eV obtained through the DFT analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The observations suggest that Silvestrol is a promising agent for treating COVID-19 in children, as it exhibits a potent antiviral effect, low toxicity, and favorable pharmacokinetics. Further preclinical and clinical testing is needed to demonstrate its effectiveness and safety in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1673591"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Toxicity mechanisms, exposure, toxicokinetic and risk assessment aspects of metals, toxic for animals and humans, volume III.","authors":"Alex Boye, Yanzhu Zhu, Xinwei Li, Michel Mansur Machado, Fatma M El Demerdash, Xu Yang","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1690145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1690145","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1690145"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12481511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel drug research and therapeutic strategies targeting tumor metastasis and cancer stem cells.","authors":"Sicong Xie, Zhiyi Zhou, Yu Zheng, Chenshuo Yu, Weihan Kong, Yushan Chen, Wenzhe Si, Fei Zhou, Zixuan Yang, Ruoxuan Ni, Cheng Chang, Yang Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1643183","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1643183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer metastasis and stem cells (CSCs) drive resistance and most cancer deaths. Novel agents like Thiolatia (PSMD14 inhibitor) suppress metastasis and enhance chemotherapy efficacy. Sulfarotene targets tumor-repopulating cells in liver cancer with low toxicity. PTC 209 utilizes the high affinity of modified hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for colorectal cancer to reverse CSC stemness in colorectal cancer. Platinum hybrids (HY1-Pt, Salvigenin-Pt) overcome resistance through dual mechanisms. Natural compound Cantharidin inhibits metastasis but requires toxicity optimization. These strategies emphasize specificity, nanodelivery, and combination therapies to reduce toxicity and resistance, highlighting precision oncology potential. Clinical validation remains critical for translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1643183"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12481903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qingda granule prevents Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.","authors":"Yuhang Gong, Da Wo, Canran Wang, Ruokun Huang, En Ma, Celiang Wu, Jun Peng, Weidong Zhu, Dan-Ni Ren","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1603316","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1603316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling pathway is a key component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that is involved in the development of hypertension. Chronic Ang II overactivation results in pathological cardiac hypertrophy that progresses into decompensated cardiac dysfunction and impairment. Qingda granule (QDG) is a Traditional Chinese formula that has been used clinically in treating hypertension and its complications.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms of QDG in preventing Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used chronic Ang II infusion via minipumps in mice and administered QDG daily to examine the effects of QDG on preventing hypertension and various parameters of cardiac impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>QDG treatment significantly reduced Ang II-induced elevation in blood pressure. Furthermore, QDG exerted a robust cardioprotective effect on chronic Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and decompensated cardiac dysfunction. QDG also inhibited Ang II-induced adverse NF-κB signaling activation and downstream pro-inflammatory targets, which were prevented via administration with SC75741, a specific NF-κB inhibitor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings provide further insight into the robust ability of QDG in preventing Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy via preventing NF-κB signaling activation and implicate its use in the clinical treatment of hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1603316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technological and industrial trends in China's pharmaceutical sector.","authors":"Ju Wang, Mengshan He, Fengying Lu, Ying Chen, Hongguang Wang","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1579037","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1579037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, China's pharmaceutical industry has experienced rapid growth, positioning itself as the world's second-largest pharmaceutical market and R&D hub. However, the industry faces significant challenges due to policy shifts and the effects of a \"capital winter\". This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the key trends shaping the future of China's pharmaceutical sector, focusing on the impact of emerging technologies, such as precision medicine and synthetic biology, on drug development processes. It also examines changes in market demand for advanced formulations, chronic disease treatments, and rare disease drugs. Additionally, the paper explores the primary drivers and barriers to the industrial transformation from the perspectives of population aging, industrial restructuring, and internationalization. The findings suggest that technological innovation and industrial upgrading are critical to driving high-quality development in drug research and manufacturing. Achieving this requires coordinated efforts in policy optimization and corporate innovation to overcome technological barriers and promote sustainable, global growth. This study offers theoretical insights and practical recommendations for policymakers and corporate strategists in fostering long-term innovation and competitive advantage in the pharmaceutical industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1579037"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity and pharmacodynamics of 9MW1911, an anti-ST2 monoclonal antibody: results from a first-in-human phase 1 study.","authors":"Qian Zhao, Qian Li, Yucan Wang, Li Li, Xue Zhao, Ni Wu, Diyi Fu, Danfeng Yin, Jing Feng, Zhitian Hu, Yinhan Guo, Rui Chen","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1647816","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1647816","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>9MW1911 is a high-affinity human IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeting ST2, the human IL-33 receptor. It may have anti-inflammatory effects by blocking the IL-33/ST2 pathway. This first-in-human trial (NCT05803902) aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity and pharmacodynamics of 9MW1911 in healthy participants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 48 healthy adults. After a screening period of up to 28 days, they received a single ascending intravenous dose (ranging from 25 to 1200 mg) of 9MW1911 (n = 6 per dose) or matched placebo (n = 2 per dose). Parameters of safety, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity and pharmacodynamics were evaluated, with follow-up visits until day 113 post-dosing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>9MW1911 was safe and well-tolerated across various doses. Most AEs were of mild to moderate, resolved without treatments. No dose-related AEs were observed, and the only serious AE (fetal malformation) was deemed unrelated to the study drug. No deaths or discontinuations due to AEs occurred. 9MW1911 ranging from 25 mg to 1,200 mg demonstrated a non-linear increase in exposure, while a linear PK profile was observed in the dose range from 100 mg to 1200 mg. No anti-drug antibodies were detected in any participants. Total sST2 in serum increased and stabilized at higher dose levels, demonstrating sustained target binding.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study demonstrates that 9MW1911 was safe and well-tolerated in healthy participants. As 9MW1911 concentrations increased,the sustained elevation of sST2 in the higher dose levels (100mg-1200 mg) suggested that the target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) elimination became saturated, leading to the observed linear PK profile. These data support the continued development of 9MW1911 for the therapeutic use in the relevant disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1647816"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12481716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difference in outcome event coverage between insurance-based and hospital-based databases: a methodological study of diabetes drug use and cardiovascular events in Japan.","authors":"Takashi Ando, Tomoaki Hasegawa, Chieko Ishiguro, Jun Komiyama, Toshiki Kuno, Masao Iwagami","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1642522","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1642522","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In countries with unrestricted access to healthcare, such as Japan, patients may initiate a drug at a clinic or hospital and then may visit another hospital when outcome events occur. Theoretically, an insurance-based database can capture all outcomes, whereas a hospital-based database can only capture outcomes when patients visit that hospital. We examined the difference in outcome event coverage between insurance-based and hospital-based databases in Japan, and its impact on pharmacoepidemiology studies, using diabetes drug use and cardiovascular events as an example.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the JMDC payer database, we identified new users of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors as the first choice of treatment for type 2 diabetes. Composite outcome was defined as the first hospitalization with a diagnosis of heart failure, stroke, or myocardial infarction. Among patients who initiated drug use at hospitals, we estimated the proportion of events captured in the same hospital among all events recorded in the insurance data. Subsequently, considering a hypothetical hospital-based database study (in which outcome events could only be captured in the same hospital), we estimated an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for SGLT2 <i>versus</i> DPP-4 inhibitors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 72,556 and 39,214 new users of DPP-4 and SGLT2 inhibitors, respectively, with no history of cardiovascular events, including 18,325 and 9,478 who initiated treatments at hospitals, respectively. Among the 18,325 patients who initiated DPP-4 inhibitors, 195 events occurred, of which 94 (48%) could be captured in the same hospital. Among the 9,478 patients who initiated SGLT-2 inhibitors, 89 events occurred, of which 40 (45%) could be captured in the same hospital. The aHR (95% confidence interval) was 0.74 (0.49-1.12) in the hypothetical hospital-based database study, whereas it was 0.88 (0.64-1.21) in the insurance-based analysis. A sensitivity analysis restricted to hospitals in the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) system showed that the percentage exceeded 50% for both the composite and individual disease events.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This Japanese study revealed that nearly half (over half when restricted to DPC hospitals) of cardiovascular events were captured in the same hospital where the diabetes drug was initiated.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1642522"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12486410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145212213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IDO and TDO inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, clinical development, and future directions.","authors":"Raed M Al-Zoubi, Mai Elaarag, Ahmad R Al-Qudimat, Enas A Al-Hurani, Zainab E Fares, Ala'a Farhan, Sally R Al-Zoubi, Abbas Khan, Abdelali Agouni, Mohanad Shkoor, Hiba Bawadi, Zain Z Zakaria, Mazhar Al Zoubi, Khalid Alrumaihi","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1632446","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1632446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitors are promising avenues in cancer immunotherapy. These enzymes are key regulators in the kynurenine pathway. modulating immune responses and enabling tumor immune evasion. By targeting IDO and TDO. Therapeutic approaches aim to restore immune surveillance and enhance antitumor activity. This review examines the mechanisms of IDO/TDO in cancer etiology, their consequences in the tumor microenvironment, and the therapeutic development of inhibitors currently being studied. Among these, medications like Indoximod, Epacadostat, and Navoximod have shown promise in influencing the immune system and slowing tumor progression, while dual inhibitors like HTI-1090 try to address broader metabolic connections. Despite tremendous progress, obstacles like tumor heterogeneity, off-target consequences, and varying patient responses remain. The use of IDO/TDO inhibitors with conventional anticancer medications demonstrates their potential to reshape cancer treatment paradigms, contingent on further research to optimize efficacy and safety. <b>Clinical Trial Registration:</b> https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03844438.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1632446"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12481718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated extraction, structural elucidation and hypoglycemic mechanism of <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> polysaccharides: a mini review.","authors":"Ping Huang, Junbo Liu, Wencheng Mao, Hongmei Chen","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1649040","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1649040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The species <i>Eucommia ulmoides</i> Oliv. (EU) is gaining increasing attention from nutrition experts and health-conscious consumers due to its nutrient-providing properties. EU has been selected for inclusion in China's Medicinal Food Directory because of its high safety profile. Polysaccharides are considered the main functional component and active ingredients of this plant. Modern pharmacological studies demonstrate that these polysaccharides, as primary bio-active components of EU, exhibit multiple bio-activities including effectiveness in relieving insulin resistance in diabetes models, lowering blood sugar, and improving diabetes complication. Diabetes represents an increasingly severe global metabolic epidemic that affects millions of people's quality of life. Additionally, variations in extraction, isolation, and purification methods significantly impact the content, purity, and structural characterization of EU polysaccharides (EUP), thereby influencing its biological activity. Therefore, the present study reviewed the latest progress in the extraction, isolation, and purification methods, structural characteristics, and potential mechanisms of EUP based on a comprehensive literature search and compilation, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research and product development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12491,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Pharmacology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1649040"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145206196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}