{"title":"The Rise and Fall of Terrorism","authors":"Erin Miller, S. Fahey","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.47","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the rise and fall of terrorism, beginning with consideration of the challenges of effectively measuring the dynamics of terrorism. This includes commonly used sources of information about terrorism, the use of technology for disseminating and processing these sources, and links between terrorism and other forms of political violence. The authors then discuss literature relevant to the empirical understanding of individual, group, country, and region-level mechanisms by which terrorism increases and decreases. The chapter concludes with descriptive analysis of patterns of terrorism over time in selected countries as illustrative examples, including the United Kingdom and Spain; Colombia, Peru and El Salvador; and Afghanistan and Iraq.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128490700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Religion and Terrorism","authors":"J. Haynes","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"No single event explains all recent and current examples of religious terrorism. Samuel Huntington’s highly influential yet very controversial argument is however a good place to start, not least because it highlighted probably the most egregious example of the genre, Islamic terrorism. Although Huntington was discussing what he called “clash of civilisations,” this did not mean that inter-religious or inter-cultural clashes were not also in focus. This chapter focuses on the development of “religious terrorism” after the end of the Cold War. It argues that religious terrorism has affected global security and led the USA into various unsuccessful foreign policy adventures—into Iraq, Afghanistan, and so on. In addition, religious terrorism stimulated the rise—and fall—of various transnational Islamic terror groups, as well as contributed to the fragility of various states, including: Somalia, Nigeria, and Mali.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116100653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Terrorism and State Sponsorship in World Politics","authors":"David B. Carter, Saurabh Pant","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"The state sponsorship of terrorist groups poses significant risks to international security. Accordingly, a growing body of scholarship focuses on understanding different aspects of the relationship between the patron state, the sponsored terrorist group, and the target state. This chapter first reviews the findings and arguments in this literature, exploring both the theoretical and empirical work over the strategic dynamics of and the effects of state support. Existing research contains numerous insights and provides some counterintuitive advances to our understanding of the different manifestations of sponsorship, the rationale for sponsorship, and the impact of sponsorship on both the terrorist group and the target state. Yet, there is much more work that remains to be done in this field. Specifically, we propose that further study on the connections between sponsorship and other important security issues in world politics is necessary to better understand the broader role that sponsorship plays in international relations. To promote this end, we empirically demonstrate the connection between territorial disputes, the state sponsorship of militant groups, and the onset of interstate conflict. This evidence is preliminary but opens a potentially promising new avenue for research on the effects of state sponsorship of terrorist groups.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128083358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Formal Approaches to the Study of Terrorism","authors":"Jacob N. Shapiro","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"A large game-theoretic literature has developed to study terrorism. This literature has made significant contributions to the understanding of terrorism by providing a useful guide to parsing the empirical record, by helping to illuminate how seemingly puzzling behavior by terrorist organizations can be understood as the outcome of strategic interactions, and by providing some guidance to policy. Specifically, the formal literature helps provide plausible logically coherent explanations for seemingly anomalous patterns in the real world including: (1) there is more terrorism when the economy is bad, but terrorists themselves tend not to be poor; (2) terrorist groups often keep lots of paperwork, but sometimes they operate with little formal organization; (3) many states appear to tolerate low levels of terrorism they could stamp out and counterterrorism spending seems to over-emphasize publicly observable actions; (4) opposition groups often choose terrorism despite the fact that it seldom succeeds; and (5) bargaining with terrorists rarely succeeds in ending conflict. This brief piece focuses on explaining how the formal literature provides useful guidance for understanding these patterns.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130285940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Academic Research and the Intelligence Community","authors":"Jonathan P. Evans","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198732914.013.40","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, writing as a retired intelligence officer who worked for much of my career on terrorist issues, I consider how attitudes to academic work on terrorism have developed, from the perspective of a counterterrorism practitioner. The pressure on government to understand the context of Al Qaeda terrorism after 9/11 led to closer engagement, as did the need to explain the terrorist modus operandi dispassionately in the courts. Not only terrorism studies but also complementary disciplines such as behavioral science and technology have been recognized as relevant to counterterrorism. While the possibility exists that academic independence might be compromised through closer dialogue between academics and practitioners, in practice both sides have found that the benefits outweigh the risks.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123040268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Crime–Terror Nexus and its Fallacies","authors":"V. Felbab-Brown","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"The focus on organized crime, illicit economies, and the multiple threats they pose to states and societies intensified after 9/11, when it became obvious that belligerent groups, such as the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan and the Islamic State (IS) in Iraq and Syria, derived extensive financial profits and other benefits from participating in illicit economies. The conventional view of the crime–terrorism nexus holds that in order to defeat insurgents, it is necessary to take away their money by suppressing the illegal economy, such as by eliminating drug smuggling or eradicating poppy fields. Yet policy interventions to combat organized crime and illicit economies—whether linked to violent conflict or in the absence of one—have rarely been highly effective. Eradication alienates rural populations from the government and thrusts them into the hands of the insurgents. Conversely, partnering with quasi-criminal actors has often turned out to be counterproductive with respect to other objectives, such as mitigating violent conflict, fostering good governance, and promoting human rights, and at times even counterproductive with respect to very direct objectives, such as weakening criminal groups and their linkages to terrorist organizations. Thus, as much as external actors may condemn tacitly or explicitly permitting illicit economies, such practices are often crucial for winning hearts and minds and ending conflict or for giving belligerent groups a stake in peace. Development-based policies aimed at reducing illicit drug production are crucial for avoiding such negative side-effects while maximizing the chance for peace and social justice.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123142403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teaching About Terrorism","authors":"G. D. Miller","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.39","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses several ethical elements of teaching about terrorism, including the strengths and weaknesses of various styles of delivery and the use of different resources. The primary arguments made in this chapter are that the content of the course should be advertised correctly and that the professor should be competent in the material. Beyond that, this chapter identifies some of the strengths, weaknesses, and ethical challenges of four of the primary methods of teaching terrorism courses: participation/discussion, films, case studies, and simulations. Although each of these four methods has its own strengths and weaknesses, and each can generate some ethical challenges, the overall point made in this chapter is that a competent instructor, who is knowledgeable on the subject matter and clearly defines the topic of a specific course, should use a mixture of methods based on his or her expertise and abilities.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123320564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Torture and the War on Terrorism","authors":"C. Conrad","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.37","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews scholarly theory and empirical results concerning the relationship between terrorism and government torture. It argues that terrorism and torture are forms of dissent and repression, respectively. Recognizing terrorism and torture as subsets of broader conceptualizations common in the literature on political violence provides insights into the conditions under which governments respond to opposition activity with violence (and vice versa) in the context of terrorism. Following a discussion of the literature on political violence, a summary is presented of the behavioral incentives—and disincentives—that government authorities face regarding the use of torture as a counterterrorism strategy. I also review literature about the mediating influence of domestic political institutions on the relationship between terrorism and torture, arguing that democracy does not always constrain—and sometimes incentivizes—government torture.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117115805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Strategic Model of Terrorism Revisited","authors":"Max Abrahms","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"The dominant paradigm on terrorism is what I call the Strategic Model of Terrorism. This model posits that perpetrators of terrorism attack civilians because of the unmatched effectiveness in pressuring government concessions. The strategic model is rooted in bargaining theory, which emphasizes how under anarchy escalating signals the will and ability to punish the target for non-compliance. Over the past decade, however, empirical research has found that neither escalating to terrorism nor with terrorism helps non-state actors to coerce government concessions. In fact, terrorism increases the odds that target countries will dig in their political heels and go on the offensive. These empirical findings raise important questions about why people use terrorism given the negative political return.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133957406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Landscape of Political Violence","authors":"S. Kalyvas","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732914.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter surveys the extremely varied and fragmented landscape of research on political violence and proposes a way to unify the study of its various manifestations in a way that is tractable, consistent, and analytically fruitful. Drawing on research that has focused on distinct types of political violence, it identifies eleven basic types. Classification is based on two key dimensions: whether the perpetrator of violence is a state or a non-state actor and whether the target of violence is a state or a non-state entity. The chapter briefly discusses key research findings associated with each type of political violence and explores how they are linked with each other by pointing to four connecting logics: hierarchy, instrumentality, escalation, and substitution. It concludes by drawing the implications.","PeriodicalId":124314,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Terrorism","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132730228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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