Freshwater Biology最新文献

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Concentration-Dependent Sulphate Enrichment Restructures Microbial Communities and Associated Sulphur–Iron–Nitrogen Dynamics in Freshwater Sediments 浓度依赖性硫酸盐富集重建淡水沉积物微生物群落和相关硫-铁-氮动态
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-10-02 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70315
Mandar Bandekar, Kuldeep D. More, Carlos Palacin-Lizarbe, Jukka Kekäläinen, Jarkko Akkanen
{"title":"Concentration-Dependent Sulphate Enrichment Restructures Microbial Communities and Associated Sulphur–Iron–Nitrogen Dynamics in Freshwater Sediments","authors":"Mandar Bandekar,&nbsp;Kuldeep D. More,&nbsp;Carlos Palacin-Lizarbe,&nbsp;Jukka Kekäläinen,&nbsp;Jarkko Akkanen","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70315","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ol>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Sulphate input from industrial discharge, mining, and agricultural runoff can significantly alter biogeochemical functions in freshwater systems. However, the concentration- and time-dependent effects of sulphate on geochemistry and microbial communities of lake sediments remain insufficiently characterized.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Here, we incubated lake sediment microcosms amended with 1, 5, and 10 mM sulphate under suboxic conditions for 45 days and monitored geochemical and microbial community changes.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Sulphate enrichment induced distinct, dose- and time-responsive changes. Nitrate increased progressively with sulphate concentration (10 &gt; 5 &gt; 1 mM), reflecting treatment-specific shifts in nitrogen dynamics under changing redox conditions within sedimentary nitrogen pools. Microbial diversity declined initially across sulphate treatments, peaked at 5 mM, and remained suppressed at 10 mM.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Dominant taxa shifted from <i>Geobacter</i> spp. at 1 mM to <i>Citrifermentans</i> spp. and <i>Sulfurospirillum</i> spp. at 10 mM, reflecting redistribution of electron flow among competing iron, sulphur, and nitrogen associated metabolisms at higher sulphate concentrations. Functional predictions suggested enhanced iron respiration at lower sulphate (1 mM), whereas higher concentrations were associated with increased chemoheterotrophy and fermentation, alongside suppression of methanogenesis.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Our findings demonstrate that increasing sulphate inputs restructure sedimentary microbial networks and reconfigure redox-linked carbon and nitrogen cycling, suggesting ecosystem-level biogeochemical responses to rising sulphate stress in freshwater catchments.</li>\u0000 </ol>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Scale Invariant Patterns of Life History Strategies of Riverine Mussels Are Shaped by Hydrological Factors 河流贻贝生活史策略的尺度不变模式受水文因素影响
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-29 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70314
Zachary A. Mitchell, Astrid N. Schwalb
{"title":"Scale Invariant Patterns of Life History Strategies of Riverine Mussels Are Shaped by Hydrological Factors","authors":"Zachary A. Mitchell,&nbsp;Astrid N. Schwalb","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70314","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fwb.70314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Issue Information - Cover and Ed Board 发行资料-封面及编印板
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-29 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70241
{"title":"Issue Information - Cover and Ed Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fwb.70241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hydrologic, Plant and Soil Controls on Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in a Natural and a Restored Freshwater Marsh of Eastern Ontario, Canada 加拿大安大略省东部自然和恢复淡水沼泽的水文、植物和土壤微生物生物量和酶活性控制
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-29 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70313
Dan Dong, Cynthia M. Kallenbach, Tim R. Moore
{"title":"Hydrologic, Plant and Soil Controls on Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities in a Natural and a Restored Freshwater Marsh of Eastern Ontario, Canada","authors":"Dan Dong,&nbsp;Cynthia M. Kallenbach,&nbsp;Tim R. Moore","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70313","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fwb.70313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Individual-Based Energetic Coupling by a Top Predator in Lakes 湖泊中一种顶级捕食者基于个体的能量耦合
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-25 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70311
Victor Frossard, Miranda Bell-Tilcock, Thibaud Noguès, Raul Costa-Pereira, Chloé Vagnon
{"title":"Individual-Based Energetic Coupling by a Top Predator in Lakes","authors":"Victor Frossard,&nbsp;Miranda Bell-Tilcock,&nbsp;Thibaud Noguès,&nbsp;Raul Costa-Pereira,&nbsp;Chloé Vagnon","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70311","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ol>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Top predators are thought to couple distinct energetic pathways in aquatic ecosystems. Although clear evidence in energetic coupling exists at the population or species levels, intraspecific diversity in foraging decisions can create scope for conspecific individuals differing in their roles in energetic coupling. In particular, ontogenetic trophic niche shifts and interindividual niche variation can drive heterogeneity in resource reliance both within and among individuals that may be accounted for to predict how top predator individuals collectively couple energetic pathways among different habitats.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>We measured the stable isotope composition of eye lenses (17 ± 3 isotope measures per individual) for a set of 17 large-sized pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>, body size = 102 ± 6 cm) to quantify their lifetime energetic coupling between the two distinct habitats (littoral and pelagic habitats) in the largest French lake (Lake Bourget). The combination of both trajectory and movement-related analyses enabled us to characterize individual-level lifelong niche trajectories and to quantify ontogenetic variation in their resource reliance related to specific habitats.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Pike exhibited a remarkable diversity of lifelong isotope trajectories dominated by right-upward variations in the isotope space that decreased with body size based on angle and segment length analyses. Two distinct trajectory types emerged, ranging from quasi-linear to zig-zag-like isotope patterns. The median lifetime littoral reliance of individual pikes was 52.5%, supporting the hypothesis of energetic coupling among lake habitats. Yet, major ontogenetic littoral-to-pelagic diet shifts were identified for all pikes, differing in their extent and timing among individuals, leading to unimodal or bimodal individual lifetime habitat-related resource reliance.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Our results suggest that pike couple lake energetic pathways primarily via ontogenetic niche shift following a continuum of littoral to pelagic reliance while including among-individual distinct trophic strategies. Consequently, both inter and intra-individual trophic variations should be considered when quantifying energetic coupling at a population scale.</li>\u0000 </ol>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Response of Terrestrial Arthropods to Natural and Anthropogenically Altered Disturbance and Stress Regimes in Riparian Zones: A Systematic Review 陆生节肢动物对河岸带自然和人为干扰和胁迫的响应:系统综述
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70310
Asande Hadebe, Rob Slotow, Sindiso Nkuna, T. Caswell Munyai
{"title":"The Response of Terrestrial Arthropods to Natural and Anthropogenically Altered Disturbance and Stress Regimes in Riparian Zones: A Systematic Review","authors":"Asande Hadebe,&nbsp;Rob Slotow,&nbsp;Sindiso Nkuna,&nbsp;T. Caswell Munyai","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70310","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fwb.70310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Behavioural and Physiological Responses of a Native Iberian Minnow Species to Heatwaves in the Presence of Invasive Species 入侵物种存在时,当地伊比利亚鲦鱼物种对热浪的行为和生理反应
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-15 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70309
Marta Luiz, Marta C. Soares, Gonçalo Brito, Pedro Anastácio, Manuel Gesto, Filipe Banha
{"title":"Behavioural and Physiological Responses of a Native Iberian Minnow Species to Heatwaves in the Presence of Invasive Species","authors":"Marta Luiz,&nbsp;Marta C. Soares,&nbsp;Gonçalo Brito,&nbsp;Pedro Anastácio,&nbsp;Manuel Gesto,&nbsp;Filipe Banha","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70309","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ol>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly exposed to the dual pressures of rising temperatures and biological invasions, leaving native fish populations particularly vulnerable. In Portugal, 67 invasive fish species have been recorded in freshwater habitats—53 in mainland systems—with new introductions occurring roughly every 2 years. Concurrently, heatwaves, defined as abnormally hot periods lasting from days to months, have increased across Mediterranean regions such as Portugal.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>This study experimentally simulated a heatwave to investigate the combined effects of elevated temperature and invasive fishes—<i>Gambusia holbrooki</i> (Girard, 1859) and <i>Lepomis gibbosus</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)—on the behaviour and physiology of the Iberian endemic <i>Squalius alburnoides</i> (Steindachner, 1866). Experiments reproduced three 6-day thermal phases (17°C → 26°C → 17°C), representing typical autumn conditions and an extreme heatwave scenario in temporary Mediterranean rivers, where fish are confined to summer pools.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>With <i>G. holbrooki</i> present, <i>S. alburnoides</i> exhibited a marked rise in heterospecific aggression during and after the heatwave. This behavioural shift was accompanied by increased serotonergic turnover (5-HIAA/5-HT ratio), suggesting neurophysiological modulation of social stress. Conversely, exposure to <i>L. gibbosus</i> resulted in more attacks suffered by <i>S. alburnoides</i> after the heatwave, without clear physiological responses.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Overall, our results show that heatwave effects on native fish are strongly context-dependent, varying with specificities of the invasive species involved. These findings highlight how both climate warming and biological invasions can interact to reshape social dynamics in freshwater communities, with potential consequences for native species survival.</li>\u0000 </ol>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148993964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Extreme Cold Tolerance in a Calanoid Copepod Embryo From Antarctic Maritime Lakes Helps Explain Expansive Distribution in the Southern Hemisphere 来自南极海洋湖泊的鱿鱼类桡足动物胚胎的极端耐寒性有助于解释南半球的广泛分布
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-07 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70299
Katherine A. Reed, Sung Gu Lee, Jun Hyuck Lee, Joseph A. Covi
{"title":"Extreme Cold Tolerance in a Calanoid Copepod Embryo From Antarctic Maritime Lakes Helps Explain Expansive Distribution in the Southern Hemisphere","authors":"Katherine A. Reed,&nbsp;Sung Gu Lee,&nbsp;Jun Hyuck Lee,&nbsp;Joseph A. Covi","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70299","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fwb.70299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enabling Quantitative eDNA Monitoring in Lotic Ecosystems by Incorporating Hydrological Characteristics and Allometric Scaling 通过结合水文特征和异速尺度,实现生态系统中eDNA的定量监测
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70308
Charlotte Van Driessche, Teun Everts, Quentin Mauvisseau, Sabrina Neyrinck, Berdien De Beer, David Halfmaerten, Hanne Danneels, Dries Bonte, Rein Brys
{"title":"Enabling Quantitative eDNA Monitoring in Lotic Ecosystems by Incorporating Hydrological Characteristics and Allometric Scaling","authors":"Charlotte Van Driessche,&nbsp;Teun Everts,&nbsp;Quentin Mauvisseau,&nbsp;Sabrina Neyrinck,&nbsp;Berdien De Beer,&nbsp;David Halfmaerten,&nbsp;Hanne Danneels,&nbsp;Dries Bonte,&nbsp;Rein Brys","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70308","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 \u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/fwb.70308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Microbial Communities, Resistome Risk and Nitrogen Metabolism-Related Genes in Particle-Attached and Free-Living Microbial Fractions of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Lakes 云贵高原湖泊颗粒附着和游离微生物组分的微生物群落、抗性组风险和氮代谢相关基因
IF 2.6 2区 生物学
Freshwater Biology Pub Date : 2026-09-03 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.70301
Chengzhi Mao, Jie Huang, Hans-Peter Grossart, Ramiro Logares, Li Chen, Qi Li, Tao Li
{"title":"Microbial Communities, Resistome Risk and Nitrogen Metabolism-Related Genes in Particle-Attached and Free-Living Microbial Fractions of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Lakes","authors":"Chengzhi Mao,&nbsp;Jie Huang,&nbsp;Hans-Peter Grossart,&nbsp;Ramiro Logares,&nbsp;Li Chen,&nbsp;Qi Li,&nbsp;Tao Li","doi":"10.1111/fwb.70301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70301","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ol>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Plateau freshwater lakes are ecologically sensitive ecosystems that provide valuable opportunities to study relationships among microbial diversity, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and nitrogen metabolism in aquatic environments. In this study, we investigated whether microbial community composition, resistance profiles, and nitrogen transformation functions are associated in freshwater lakes of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>This study analysed microbial community structure and functional diversity in eight freshwater lakes, with explicit comparisons between particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) microbial lifestyles. ARG profiles were characterised using metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatics analyses, and co-occurrence patterns among ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and nitrogen metabolism-related genes were statistically evaluated.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Particle-attached microorganisms exhibited significantly higher community diversity, whereas free-living fractions showed higher functional gene diversity, indicating clear niche partitioning between microbial lifestyles. Multiresistance genes, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance genes, and tetracycline resistance genes constituted the dominant resistance spectrum across the studied lakes. MGEs were strongly positively correlated with ARG abundance. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) was the dominant nitrogen transformation pathway, and DNRA-related genes were significantly positively correlated with ARGs. Members of Gammaproteobacteria were identified as major taxa associated with both DNRA-related genes and ARGs.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>These results demonstrate previously underappreciated associations between antibiotic resistance and nitrogen-cycling functions in Plateau freshwater lakes. In particular, the consistent correlations between ARGs and DNRA-related genes suggest a potential ecological linkage between these functions, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our findings highlight the importance of evaluating antimicrobial resistance risks in freshwater ecosystems within their broader biogeochemical context.</li>\u0000 </ol>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12365,"journal":{"name":"Freshwater Biology","volume":"71 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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