Mass VaccinationPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0003
M. Brazelton
{"title":"Producing Immunity across the Hinterlands","authors":"M. Brazelton","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter surveys the history of vaccine research and development in China's wartime hinterlands during the early years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, considering first a major project launched by the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) and then, in turn, the major cities of Chongqing, Guiyang, and Lanzhou. Although urban areas were not the only places where medical researchers, students, and administrators worked, they were significant hubs for coordination and exchange. The development of vaccine production in cities coincided with the deployment of new and coercive strategies for immunization, reflecting the ongoing militarization of Chinese society. Yet many urban dwellers welcomed vaccination as a means of defending themselves against disease at a time when the Japanese offensive threatened to cause epidemic catastrophe both directly, through biological warfare, and indirectly, by causing large-scale migrations of refugees and soldiers across the country. Attempts to establish a certification system that connected immunization status to free passage on ships and roads suggested the increasing importance of biology to individual rights and freedoms in wartime China.","PeriodicalId":123610,"journal":{"name":"Mass Vaccination","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125330564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mass VaccinationPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0002
M. Brazelton
{"title":"Legacies of Warlords and Empires","authors":"M. Brazelton","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that by 1937, a medical infrastructure of Western hospitals and clinics already existed in Yunnan—many of which promoted Jennerian vaccination against smallpox, if not immunization against other diseases. This organization had hybrid origins in the efforts of French, British, and Chinese empires during the early twentieth century, although the province remained on the fringes of the emergent Nationalist medical administration until the late 1930s. Wartime biomedical experts in Kunming relied upon this limited but significant infrastructure to build a new vaccination scheme that sought universal coverage of urban and rural populations for the first time. Ultimately, the politics of medicine—and especially vaccination against smallpox—in prewar Yunnan reflected power struggles between empires for influence in the region. Like the Russian, Japanese, and local forces that battled for controlling interests in Manchuria, French and British imperial powers in Yunnan competed with each other as they engaged with local warlords; sought to build economic and transportation networks in the region; and used medicine, especially epidemic control, as a means of establishing influence.","PeriodicalId":123610,"journal":{"name":"Mass Vaccination","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131208414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mass VaccinationPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0005
M. Brazelton
{"title":"Nationalizing Mass Immunization Amid Civil War and Revolution","authors":"M. Brazelton","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the expansion of mass immunization in China during the calamitous period from 1945 to 1949. The reestablishment of biological research and production bases in the newly repossessed eastern cities solidified the authority of Chinese immunologists such as Tang Feifan, Wei Xi, Xie Shaowen, and others as prominent contributors to Chinese public health. At the same time, as the capacities of state administrations were stretched and strained, new dialogues emerged over the role of coercive immunization, its relationship to legitimate governance, and the ability of microbiology to contribute to national reconstruction. Medical researchers and clinicians especially championed one vaccine at this time: the BCG immunization against tuberculosis. The immunization itself proved difficult to produce and implement, but its promotion reflected the changes that the war with Japan had wrought in China's public health system and its adoption of mass immunization programs. Nationalists and Communists alike embraced the vaccines that these researchers developed and manufactured. The chapter then looks at vaccination policies and practices during the Chinese Civil War.","PeriodicalId":123610,"journal":{"name":"Mass Vaccination","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134295533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mass VaccinationPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0001
M. Brazelton
{"title":"Journey to the Southwest","authors":"M. Brazelton","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739989.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses microbiology in China's early twentieth century. In contrast to other narratives, the emergence of microbiology as a discipline in China during the early twentieth century did not rely on any single organization, charismatic leader, or colonial influence. Instead, multiple institutes and universities in Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, and other cities emerged as centers for research, and a small group of highly educated physicians and scientists participated in global research networks, even as they trained Chinese students and advised local health administrations. In the 1920s and 1930s, emerging fields such as immunology, virology, and bacteriology were identified with broader categories of inquiry, such as the medical sciences or microbiology. In addition to laboratory research, Chinese researchers translated new terms into Chinese and established professional organizations. Although research programs in microbiology were productive, their applications to public health were limited to specific projects in major cities. One important urban institution was the National Epidemic Prevention Bureau. After its 1919 establishment in Beijing, the bureau became a center for vaccine production and sponsored limited urban immunization campaigns. The outbreak of formal war with Japan in 1937 and the subsequent move of many researchers to the southwest disrupted the development of microbiology in China. Yet it also created opportunities for new cooperative relationships to form in the field of public health.","PeriodicalId":123610,"journal":{"name":"Mass Vaccination","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131804319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mass VaccinationPub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501739996-007
{"title":"2. Legacies of Warlords and Empires","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501739996-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501739996-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":123610,"journal":{"name":"Mass Vaccination","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133154212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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