Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science最新文献

{"title":"An experimental study on icing distribution and adhesion characteristics of wind turbine blades in saltwater Condition","authors":"He Shen ,&nbsp;Fupeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Guo ,&nbsp;Fang Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Icing on wind turbine blades reduces output power and poses operational risks due to cold, humid environments in high-latitude coastal regions. Despite increasing studies on offshore wind turbine icing, research in this field remains relatively scarce. This study investigates the temperature effects on ice distribution and adhesion strength of glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) blade surfaces under freshwater and saltwater (1 g/L) conditions through icing wind tunnel tests and ice adhesion measurements. Results show that at −4 ℃, the blade’s lower surface forms icicles through water runback effects, while saltwater significantly suppresses icicle growth. Decreasing temperatures induce ice-type transitions from glaze to mixed and then rime ice, with the ice profile evolving from irregular to quasi-aerodynamic shapes. Saltwater ice exhibits smoother surfaces than freshwater ice, but differences diminish at −16 ℃. Ice adhesion strength increases with decreasing temperature but shows decelerating growth rates. Freshwater ice demonstrates 2.5–––4.7 times higher adhesion strength than saltwater ice at equivalent temperatures. These findings provide critical insights into the icing research of coastal wind turbine blades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 111575"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the role of parasitic convection for the heat transport in stratified thermal energy storages: Experiments and numerical simulation","authors":"Clemens Naumann,&nbsp;Nicolas Stark,&nbsp;Christian Cierpka","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasitic convection in stratified thermal energy storages (TES) in the form of counter-directed near-wall flows adjacent to the vertical storage tank side wall can significantly impact the overall storage efficiency due to mixing of both fluid layers. This study directly characterizes the heat transport caused by parasitic convection for stratified TES using a combined experimental and numerical approach in a model experiment. Simultaneous 2D two-color planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) measurements are conducted to characterize the near-wall temperature and velocity fields and thus allow for a direct calculation of the heat transport in real systems. Additionally, a 2D CFD simulation of the TES is set up and the results are validated against the experimental data. The comparison shows similar near-wall temperature and velocity fields, although minor deviations occur due to non-ideal boundary conditions and optical aberrations in the experiments. The concept of the dimensionless heat flux in stratified TES systems based on the simultaneous velocity and temperature data is introduced to characterize the heat transport caused by parasitic convection as the ratio of its advective and diffusive part. The results indicate that the heat transport is advection-dominated, with the near-wall flow velocity being the key influencing parameter, whereas local temperature differences within the thermal boundary layer exhibit negligible impact. The maximum deviation in the dimensionless heat flux between simulation and experiment of 6<!--> <!-->% shows that the CFD model is able to forecast parasitic convection in stratified TES. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms driving parasitic convection and its role in thermal energy storage performance and can thus be used to optimize future systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 111568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and capillary behavior of water at interfaces under excitation","authors":"Serge Kernbach","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous publications have demonstrated changes of electrochemical reactivity, proton density and evaporation rate of water excited by hydrodynamic cavitation and weak magnetic fields. Proposed explanation of these effects concerns spin-based mechanisms at water–air interfaces, which are of significant technological interest. Following these ideas, we also expect changes in heat capacity and surface tension of excited water. This work provides experimental evidences for these assumptions and describes experiments on capillary effects and thermal dynamics of pure H₂O with focus on hydrodynamic cavitation. Experiments use two calorimetric systems for diathermic measurements and 0.3 mm/0.5 mm capillary tubes. Samples after excitation are degassed at -0.09MPa and thermally equalized in a water bath. Given the critical role of water–air interfaces in these phenomena, a micromanipulation tool was used to sample from the 0.1 mm subsurface layer, with comparisons made to immersion depths of 2 mm and 10 mm. Conducted attempts demonstrated changes in heat capacity of 4.17%–5.72% within 60 min after excitation, decreasing to 2.08% in steady-state dynamics. The surface tension varied between control and experimental samples by 6.7%–11.3% with a maximum of 15.7%. Effects in near-surface layers last for 30-60 min after the excitation. These outcomes are consistent with the results of NMR and four-photon spectroscopy conducted earlier. The described approach can be used for the rapid detection of spin-based phenomena. Given the importance of capillary and electrochemical processes in aquaporin channels and plant fluid transport systems, these techniques hold promise for applications in phytosensing and agricultural production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 111565"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of the centrifugal stage in the aerodynamic instability of a multistage combined compressor","authors":"Jiaan Li ,&nbsp;Baotong Wang ,&nbsp;Xinqian Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerodynamic instability could deteriorate the performance and structural integrity of a compression system. It has been an important issue in both the engineering and academic fields. Fewer studies have focused on the instability mechanism and behavior of combined compressors consisting of both axial and centrifugal-type stages, which have distinct pressurization capability and instability mechanism from each other. This paper concentrates on the influence of the centrifugal stage in a combined compressor on the overall aerodynamic stability. First, an experiment is carried out to investigate its instability characteristics. Then, a multi-actuator dynamic model is established to further analyze the influence of the centrifugal stage on the combined compressor instability from two aspects, the stage matching and the B parameter. To decouple these two factors, B parameters are increased above the critical value, eliminating its effect on the surge boundary only to investigate the influence of stage matching. Results show that when a stage performance curve with pressure ratio against mass flow rate has a negative slope near the matching point, the centrifugal stage has a stabilizing effect on the overall stability. In contrast, this stage has a detrimental influence when matched on the performance curve with a positive slope. For B parameter effects, a large value of B parameter generally narrows the stable operating range. Therefore, the influence of the centrifugal stage is determined by the balance of the above two aspects. Generally, for a combined compressor in a real industrial application, the change of B parameter by the centrifugal stage has more obvious effects on the overall stability than the stage matching because the centrifugal stage generally has a larger pressurization capability, resulting in a larger value of B parameter. Therefore, both stage matching and B parameter effect should be carefully considered for the stability design of a combined compressor consisting of stages with clear pressurization capability differences, compared with the individual axial or centrifugal compressor including the stages with similar pressurization capability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 111571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144720891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the interaction of vortical structures and shear layer in turbulent flow around trapezoidal prisms with varying aspect ratios","authors":"Fati Bio Abdul-Salam ,&nbsp;Amir Sagharichi ,&nbsp;Xingjun Fang ,&nbsp;Mark F. Tachie","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The spatiotemporal dynamics of turbulent flow induced by trapezoidal prisms in a uniform flow are studied using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV). Three prisms with aspect ratios (AR, defined as the ratio between lower surface length and height) of 1, 2, and 3 (denoted as AR1, AR2, and AR3, respectively) were tested at a Reynolds number of 10000 based on the incoming velocity and prism height. In the wake region of the prisms, two recirculation bubbles form. For the AR1 prism, the bubbles are almost symmetric in size, whereas for AR2 and AR3 prisms, the upper bubble is significantly larger than the lower one. The peak values of the Reynolds stresses in the wake region decrease with increasing AR. Quadrant analysis reveals that the strength of sweep and ejection events increases with decreasing aspect ratio, enhancing flow recovery within the recirculation zone. The vertical derivative of Reynolds shear stress plays a major role in the higher flow recovery for AR1, but as the aspect ratio increases to 3, the vertical derivative of tangential momentum becomes the dominant factor. The nondimensional fundamental shedding frequencies for the AR1 and AR2 prisms are 0.13 and 0.11, respectively, whereas dual shedding frequencies of 0.05 and 0.12 are observed for the AR3 prism. Frequency synchronization induced by von Kármán (VK) vortex shedding remains strong from the leading edge to the wake region in the cases of AR1 and AR2 while becoming limited to the wake region for AR3.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 111570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of background-oriented Schlieren and retroreflective shadowgraph visualizations of sand burner fire","authors":"M.S. Sadeghi ,&nbsp;Maryam Ghodrat ,&nbsp;Duncan Sutherland ,&nbsp;Albert Simeoni ,&nbsp;Harald Kleine","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simultaneous records of background-oriented schlieren (BOS) images and retroreflective shadowgrams (RS) of a stationary sand burner flame are compared to demonstrate the capabilities of each method. The schlieren images from the BOS method are post-processed in the PIVlab software via the reference image sequencing style method. The shadowgrams obtained in the RS setup are enhanced by adjusting the levels and contrast of the images. The range of length scales, the spectra at each length scale, and the effect of a glass sidewall window on the resolution of the images are determined. It is found that adding glass as a sidewall reduces the resolution and thus the number of detected eddies, but dominant eddies with their energy remain unaffected.<!--> <!-->In addition, the convective heat transfer is calculated and analyzed for both visualization methods. The results show that, in the described system, the resolution of the BOS images is lower than that of the shadowgrams, so smaller eddies are not as clearly visible as in corresponding RS results. However, BOS has the advantage of more easily quantifying the parameters studied in the present work. The paper describes a novel BOS-calibrated RS technique to extract the heat transfer contours from shadowgrams, which complements a similar approach in which heat transfer is obtained from BOS images.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 111569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blockage effects on flow around rectangular prisms in uniform flow","authors":"Fati B. Abdul-Salam ,&nbsp;Sedem Kumahor ,&nbsp;Xingjun Fang ,&nbsp;Ebenezer E. Essel ,&nbsp;Mark F. Tachie","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The influence of blockage ratio on the flow around a rectangular prism was experimentally investigated using a time-resolved particle image velocimetry system. Three different blockage ratios (BR = 2.5 %, 5 %, and 10 %) were tested, with a fixed streamwise aspect ratio (AR = 3) and a Reynolds number of 7500. The results indicate that, for BR = 2.5 %, the separated shear layer from the leading edge of the prism is shed directly into the wake, however, an increase of BR promotes the reattachment on the surface of the prism. The streamwise extent of the primary, secondary and wake recirculation bubbles decrease with an increase in blockage ratio. Distinct regions of positive and negative Reynolds shear stress manifest near the leading edge, with the transitioning interface shifting upstream with increasing BR. Turbulence production concentrates near the shear layer, with peak magnitude increasing and shifting upstream with BR. The growth rate of the shear layer is similar for the reattached test cases but decrease for the unattached test cases. The spatial coherence of the turbulent structures increases downstream, however, the effects of blockage significantly reduced the spatial coherence in the BR10 case. Frequency spectra and spectral decomposition of the Reynolds normal stresses revealed that increasing the blockage ratio increases the dominance of von Kármán vortex shedding. For higher blockage ratios, turbulence is primarily influenced by intermediate-scales associated with vortex shedding, with reduced contributions from low-frequency flapping and small-scale shear-layer instabilities. In contrast, the lower blockage ratio exhibits a more complex interplay of small, intermediate, and large-scales turbulence dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 111567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatially resolved measurements of velocity fields in the reactive zone of a laminar non-premixed flame","authors":"Nicolás Mancilla ,&nbsp;Nicolás Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Valentina Yap ,&nbsp;Juan J. Cruz ,&nbsp;Felipe Escudero ,&nbsp;Rodrigo H. Hernández ,&nbsp;Andrés Fuentes ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Demarco","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An experimental and numerical study of flow velocity fields in a flaming environment, particularly in the high-temperature sooting zone, was conducted in a laminar non-premixed flame. A Yale type burner was employed under flame B conditions. Velocity measurements were performed using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), and the OpenPIV software for data treatment. The sooting zone was experimentally characterized using extinction and emission measurements, and were treated to obtain spatially-resolved soot volume fraction and temperature fields. The experimental results were compared with numerical simulations of soot volume fraction, gas temperature, velocity fields using the CoFlame code. A synthetic PIV framework based on the simulations was performed to validate the PIV processing. Experimental results exhibit continuous velocity fields, even in the high-temperature sooting zone, where visibility and the density of the tracer particles are low due to the high temperature gradient, driving particles out of the reaction zone. This was achieved by carefully adjusting the optical arrangement and laser characteristics, to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and ensure the completeness of the velocity field measurements. The experimental results were in close agreement with numerical predictions for both the inert and reactive flow cases. However, some discrepancies were observed, which were more prominent in the inert case due to the lower gas velocity that exerts less drag on the tracer particles. These discrepancies were reduced by applying a correction to the experimental velocity field along the central streamline, based on Lagrangian modeling of the tracer particles, which considers their mass and diameter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 111556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerodynamic characteristics of rounded-corner rectangular cylinders based on wind tunnel model test","authors":"Qun Yang ,&nbsp;Chaoyue Zheng ,&nbsp;Guankang Ruan ,&nbsp;Xiaobing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through rigid model pressure wind tunnel tests and numerical simulations, the wind pressure for a right-angled rectangular cylinder with an aspect ratio of 2, and for rounded-corner rectangular cylinders with corner radius ratios (<em>R/D</em>) of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 was measured in a uniform flow field. The Reynolds number for the tests was 1.2 × 10⁵, and the wind direction angle (<em>α</em>) ranged from 0° to 90°. A detailed analysis examined the effects of wind direction angle and corner radius ratio on the aerodynamic parameters, including the mean drag/lift coefficients, fluctuating drag/lift coefficients and Strouhal number, and the flow mechanism was explained. The results indicate that at 0° wind direction angle, increasing <em>R/D</em> induces three distinct flow patterns: continuous separation, separation followed by reattachment, and attached flow without separation. Furthermore, two critical wind direction angles, <em>α</em>_cr1 (smaller) and <em>α</em>_cr2 (larger), categorize wind direction angles into three regimes: small (0° &lt; <em>α</em> &lt; <em>α</em>_cr1), intermediate (<em>α</em>_cr1 ≤ <em>α</em> ≤ <em>α</em>_cr2), and large (<em>α</em>_cr2 &lt; <em>α</em> &lt; 90°). The specific ranges of these regimes vary with the cylinder. Notably, <em>α</em>_cr1 exhibits a non-monotonic trend (first decreasing then increasing) with increasing <em>R/D</em>, whereas <em>α</em>_cr2 increases monotonically. Aerodynamic parameters vary more significantly within the small and large wind direction angle regimes than in the intermediate regime. These critical wind direction angles signify transitions in the surface flow state. These findings provide valuable insights for wind-resistant design optimization of rounded-corner rectangular structures in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 111566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the formation and characteristics of CH4/H2 non-premixed lifted jet flames","authors":"Hongxu Li ,&nbsp;Qiangling Duan ,&nbsp;Min Li ,&nbsp;Zhiyang Liu ,&nbsp;Guanquan Chu ,&nbsp;Jinhua Sun ,&nbsp;Huahua Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2025.111561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adding hydrogen to natural gas is a promising way to transport hydrogen fuel, but it also increases the risk of jet fires. This paper experimentally investigated the formation and characteristics of CH₄/H₂ non-premixed lifted jet flames, considering various parameters such as nozzle diameter (<em>d</em>), fuel jet velocity (<em>u</em>), and hydrogen volume fraction (<em>f_v</em>). Digital video and particle image velocimetry were used to obtain flame images and flow field characteristics, respectively. High-speed camera and image intensifier equipped with a 310 nm center wavelength filter were utilized to capture OH* chemiluminescence. The flame lift-off mechanism was elucidated based on the characteristics of the break point. Results indicate local flame quenching at the break point leads to flame lift-off. In the mixing region, for buoyancy-driven jet flames, the flame lift-off height (Δ<em>h</em>) decreases as <em>u</em> increases, whereas it increases with <em>u</em> for momentum-driven jet flames. Δ<em>h</em> exhibits a linear increase with increasing <em>u</em> in the fully developed region. Furthermore, when a turbulent mixing core forms beneath the base of the lifted flame, Δ<em>h</em> experiences a sudden decrease followed by a linear increase with increasing <em>u</em>. It was observed that (Δ<em>h</em>/<em>d</em>)(1 − <em>f_v</em>)⁻³ correlates linearly with the 3.76th power of the dimensionless heat release rate, <span><math><msup><mi>Q</mi><mo>∗</mo></msup></math></span>. Lastly, an analytical model linking <span><math><msup><mi>Q</mi><mo>∗</mo></msup></math></span>, <em>d</em>, and <em>f_v</em> is suggested for predicting the dimensionless flame lift-off height, showing good agreement with experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12294,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 111561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144631676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}