Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology最新文献_第9页

Drug pharmacokinetics in the obese population: challenging common assumptions on predictors of obesity-related parameter changes. 肥胖人群的药物药代动力学:挑战肥胖相关参数变化预测因子的常见假设。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2132931

Tan Zhang, Elke H J Krekels, Cornelis Smit, Catherijne A J Knibbe

{"title":"Drug pharmacokinetics in the obese population: challenging common assumptions on predictors of obesity-related parameter changes.","authors":"Tan Zhang, Elke H J Krekels, Cornelis Smit, Catherijne A J Knibbe","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2132931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2022.2132931","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Obesity is associated with many physiological changes. We review available evidence regarding five commonly accepted assumptions to a priori predict the impact of obesity on drug pharmacokinetics (PK).Areas covered: The investigated assumptions are: 1) lean body weight is the preferred descriptor of clearance and dose adjustments; 2) volume of distribution increases for lipophilic, but not for hydrophilic drugs; 3) CYP-3A4 activity is suppressed and UGT activity is increased, implying decreased and increased dose requirements for substrates of these enzyme systems, respectively; 4) glomerular filtration rate is enhanced, necessitating higher doses for drugs cleared through glomerular filtration; 5) drug dosing information from obese adults can be extrapolated to obese adolescents.Expert opinion: Available literature contradicts, or at least limits the generalizability, of all five assumptions. Clinical studies should focus on quantifying the impact of duration and severity of obesity on drug PK in adults and adolescents, and also include oral bioavailability and pharmacodynamics in these studies. Physiologically based PK approaches can be used to predict PK changes for individual drugs but can also be used to define in general terms based on patient characteristics and drug properties, when certain assumptions can or cannot be expected to be systematically accurate.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 10","pages":"657-674"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33499104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

Biology and therapeutic applications of the proton-coupled folate transporter. 质子偶联叶酸转运蛋白的生物学和治疗应用。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Epub Date: 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2136071

Larry H Matherly, Mathew Schneider, Aleem Gangjee, Zhanjun Hou

{"title":"Biology and therapeutic applications of the proton-coupled folate transporter.","authors":"Larry H Matherly, Mathew Schneider, Aleem Gangjee, Zhanjun Hou","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2136071","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2136071","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT; SLC46A1) was discovered in 2006 as the principal mechanism by which folates are absorbed in the intestine and the causal basis for hereditary folate malabsorption (HFM). In 2011, it was found that PCFT is highly expressed in many tumors. This stimulated interest in using PCFT for cytotoxic drug targeting, taking advantage of the substantial levels of PCFT transport and acidic pH conditions commonly associated with tumors.Areas covered: We summarize the literature from 2006 to 2022 that explores the role of PCFT in the intestinal absorption of dietary folates and its role in HFM and as a transporter of folates and antifolates such as pemetrexed (Alimta) in relation to cancer. We provide the rationale for the discovery of a new generation of targeted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates with selective PCFT transport and inhibitory activity toward de novo purine biosynthesis in solid tumors. We summarize the benefits of this approach to cancer therapy and exciting new developments in the structural biology of PCFT and its potential to foster refinement of active structures of PCFT-targeted anti-cancer drugs.Expert opinion: We summarize the promising future and potential challenges of implementing PCFT-targeted therapeutics for HFM and a variety of cancers.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 10","pages":"695-706"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9637735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33512305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Local anesthetics and erector spinae plane blocks: a spotlight on pharmacokinetic considerations and toxicity risks. 局部麻醉剂和竖脊肌平面阻滞:药物动力学考虑和毒性风险的焦点。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-22 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2122811

Alessandro De Cassai, Federico Geraldini, Fabio Costa, Serkan Tulgar

{"title":"Local anesthetics and erector spinae plane blocks: a spotlight on pharmacokinetic considerations and toxicity risks.","authors":"Alessandro De Cassai, Federico Geraldini, Fabio Costa, Serkan Tulgar","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2122811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2022.2122811","url":null,"abstract":"The Erector Spinae Plane (ESP) block was first described in 2016 and from its inception it has attracted great interest from the scientific community related to anesthesia and pain practice [1]. It is performed by injecting a solution of local anesthetics (LA) in a virtual plane between the transverse processes and the erector spinae muscle group, with the anesthetic solution subsequently spreading for a variable number of vertebral levels (Figure 1). Understanding ESP block pharmacokinetics and related concerns requires two key points. Firstly, a successful ESP block relies on the use of large volumes of anesthetics. Given that the target is not a nerve or a small compartment but a virtual plane where the anesthetic spreads, large volumes are usually necessary to reach the desired effect. In literature, while the injected LA covers a median of one dermatome every 3.4 ml of solution, spread has been reported as being widely variable [2]. Secondly, the ESP is performed in a highly vascularized surface, as on the erector spinae muscle group lies a rich vascular bed [3,4]. Given the above, it is of foremost importance to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the drugs injected in the ESP to evaluate the possibility of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST).","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 9","pages":"537-539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33455961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Respiratory aspiration during treatment with benzodiazepines, antiepileptic and antidepressant drugs in the pharmacovigilance database from VigiBase. VigiBase药物警戒数据库中苯二氮卓类药物、抗癫痫药物和抗抑郁药物治疗期间的呼吸误吸。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-09-13 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2122813

Carlos De Las Cuevas, Emilio J Sanz, Jose de Leon

{"title":"Respiratory aspiration during treatment with benzodiazepines, antiepileptic and antidepressant drugs in the pharmacovigilance database from VigiBase.","authors":"Carlos De Las Cuevas, Emilio J Sanz, Jose de Leon","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2122813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2022.2122813","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Three psychotropic drug classes, benzodiazepines, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and antidepressants (ADs), whether used in treatment or overdose, may be associated with respiratory aspiration. Polypharmacy was defined by counting suspected drugs from these classes or two others, antipsychotics and opioids. The confounding effects of polypharmacy were considered in this study.Areas covered: VigiBase records of respiratory aspiration associated with benzodiazepines, AEDs, and/or ADs from inception until 5 September 2021, were reviewed. VigiBase, the World Health Organization's global pharmacovigilance database, uses a statistical signal for associations called the information component (IC).Expert opinion: The ICs (and IC025) were benzodiazepines 2.8 (and 2.6), AEDs 1.6 (and 1.5), and ADs 1.4 (and 1.3). The cases of respiratory aspiration associated with at least one drug from these 3 classes included: 1) 553 cases absent any known overdose (2.8 ± 1.7 drugs) and 2) 347 overdose cases (2.9 ± 1.8 drugs). Little support for the association of respiratory aspiration and benzodiazepine, AED or AD monotherapy in therapeutic dosages was found. Studies of the association between benzodiazepine monotherapy and respiration aspiration are needed in geriatric patients. ADs added to other medications increased lethality in all cases of respiratory aspiration including those associated with overdose, polypharmacy and/or major medical problems.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 9","pages":"541-553"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33448804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic concepts in idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury. 特异性药物性肝损伤的药代动力学和毒物动力学概念。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-07-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2113379

Robert A Roth, Omar Kana, David Filipovic, Patricia E Ganey

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic concepts in idiosyncratic, drug-induced liver injury.","authors":"Robert A Roth, Omar Kana, David Filipovic, Patricia E Ganey","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2113379","DOIUrl":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2113379","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) causes morbidity and mortality in patients and leads to curtailed use of efficacious pharmaceuticals. Unlike intrinsically toxic reactions, which depend on dose, IDILI occurs in a minority of patients at therapeutic doses. Much remains unknown about causal links among drug exposure, a mode of action, and liver injury. Consequently, numerous hypotheses about IDILI pathogenesis have arisen.Areas covered: Pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic characteristics underlying current hypotheses of IDILI etiology are discussed and illustrated graphically.Expert opinion: Hypotheses to explain IDILI etiology all involve alterations in pharmacokinetics, which lead to plasma drug concentrations that rise above a threshold for toxicity, or in toxicodynamics, which result in a lowering of the toxicity threshold. Altered pharmacokinetics arise, for example, from changes in drug metabolism or from transporter polymorphisms. A lowered toxicity threshold can arise from drug-induced mitochondrial injury, accumulation of toxic endogenous factors or harmful immune responses. Newly developed, interactive freeware (DemoTox-PK; https://bit.ly/DemoTox-PK) allows the user to visualize how such alterations might lead to a toxic reaction. The illustrations presented provide a framework for conceptualizing idiosyncratic reactions and could serve as a stimulus for future discussion, education, and research into modes of action of IDILI.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 7-8","pages":"469-481"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9484408/pdf/nihms-1830079.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10118504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Important roles of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of anti-viral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs. 转运体在抗病毒核苷/核苷酸类似物药代动力学中的重要作用。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2112175

Mengbi Yang, Xin Xu

{"title":"Important roles of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of anti-viral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs.","authors":"Mengbi Yang, Xin Xu","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2112175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2022.2112175","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nucleoside analogs are an important class of antiviral agents. Due to the high hydrophilicity and limited membrane permeability of antiviral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (AVNAs), transporters play critical roles in AVNA pharmacokinetics. Understanding the properties of these transporters is important to accelerate translational research for AVNAs.Areas covered: The roles of key transporters in the pharmacokinetics of 25 approved AVNAs were reviewed. Clinically relevant information that can be explained by the modulation of transporter functions is also highlighted.Expert opinion: Although the roles of transporters in the intestinal absorption and renal excretion of AVNAs have been well identified, more research is warranted to understand their roles in the distribution of AVNAs, especially to immune privileged compartments where treatment of viral infection is challenging. P-gp, MRP4, BCRP, and nucleoside transporters have shown extensive impacts in the disposition of AVNAs. It is highly recommended that the role of transporters should be investigated during the development of novel AVNAs. Clinically, co-administered inhibitors and genetic polymorphism of transporters are the two most frequently reported factors altering AVNA pharmacokinetics. Physiopathology conditions also regulate transporter activities, while their effects on pharmacokinetics need further exploration. Pharmacokinetic models could be useful for elucidating these complicated factors in clinical settings.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 7-8","pages":"483-505"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9506706/pdf/nihms-1830083.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10557943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Counteracting heart failure with diabetes drugs: a review into the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. 糖尿病药物对抗心力衰竭:药代动力学和药效学特性综述。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-02 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2105693

André J Scheen

{"title":"Counteracting heart failure with diabetes drugs: a review into the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.","authors":"André J Scheen","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2105693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2022.2105693","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is becoming a huge public health burden. New diabetes drugs for type 2 diabetes (T2D), sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), reduce the rate of hospitalization for HF in placebo-controlled trials.Areas covered: Pharmacokinetics of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin (in presence of renal impairment and hepatic dysfunction, two comorbidities frequently associated with HF) and pharmacodynamic studies in patients with HF. Main HF outcomes in T2D patients with cardiovascular risk and in patients with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction, with or without T2D, from DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved original findings and post hoc analyses.Expert opinion: No clinically relevant changes are expected concerning SGLT2i pharmacokinetics in patients with HF while pharmacodynamic studies reported improvements in myocardium/vascular parameters, biomarkers, and functional status. All SGLT2is showed a remarkable reduction in hospitalization for HF in patients with T2D and high cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, both dapagliflozin and empagliflozin improved the prognosis of patients with HFrEF, independently of the presence of T2D. Similar results were reported with empagliflozin in patients with HFpEF, to be confirmed with dapagliflozin in an ongoing trial (DELIVER). Thus, SGLT2is offer a new opportunity for the prevention and management of HF in patients with or without T2D.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 6","pages":"381-393"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40621484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Strategies for the treatment of acute benzodiazepine toxicity in a clinical setting: the role of antidotes. 治疗急性苯二氮卓类药物毒性的策略:解毒剂的作用。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2105692

Nasim Zamani, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Naghmeh Zamani

{"title":"Strategies for the treatment of acute benzodiazepine toxicity in a clinical setting: the role of antidotes.","authors":"Nasim Zamani, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Naghmeh Zamani","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2105692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2022.2105692","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Although not a potentially life-threatening poisoning, benzodiazepine (BZD) intoxication may be life-threatening in special situations/populations or those with background diseases.Areas covered: The aim of this review is to evaluate all possible treatment options available in the literature for the management of benzodiazepine poisoning with special attention to antidote administration. We conducted a literature search using PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Cochrane central register from 1 January 1980 to 10 November 2021 using keywords 'benzodiazepine,' 'poisoning,' 'toxicity,' 'intoxication,' and 'treatment.'Expert opinion: Careful patient selection, ideally by a clinical toxicologist, may decrease the complications of flumazenil and add to its efficacy. The cost-to-benefit ratio should be considered in every single patient who is a candidate for flumazenil administration. In case a decision has been made to administer flumazenil, careful consideration of the possible contraindications is essential. We recommend slow administration of low doses of flumazenil (0.1 mg/minute) to avoid complications or withhold the administration with development of first signs of adverse effects. The main treatment of benzodiazepine toxicity is conservative with administration of activated charcoal, monitoring of the vital signs, prevention of aspiration and development of deep vein thrombosis due to prolonged immobilization, and respiratory support.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 6","pages":"367-379"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40535164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The impact of sepsis on hepatic drug metabolism in critically ill patients: a narrative review. 脓毒症对危重病人肝脏药物代谢的影响:一篇叙述性综述。

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-03 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2106215

Tim Mj Ewoldt, Alan Abdulla, Nicole Hunfeld, Letao Li, Tim J L Smeets, Diederik Gommers, Birgit C P Koch, Henrik Endeman

{"title":"The impact of sepsis on hepatic drug metabolism in critically ill patients: a narrative review.","authors":"Tim Mj Ewoldt, Alan Abdulla, Nicole Hunfeld, Letao Li, Tim J L Smeets, Diederik Gommers, Birgit C P Koch, Henrik Endeman","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2106215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2022.2106215","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hepatic drug metabolism is important in improving drug dosing strategies in sepsis. Pharmacokinetics in the critically ill population are severely altered due to changes in absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolization. Hepatic drug metabolism might be altered due to changes in hepatic blood flow, drug metabolizing protein availability, and protein binding. The purpose of this review is to examine evidence on whether hepatic drug metabolism is significantly affected in septic patients, and to provide insights in the need for future research.Areas covered: This review describes the effect of sepsis on hepatic drug metabolism in humans. Clinical trials, pathophysiological background information and example drug groups are further discussed. The literature search has been conducted in Embase, Medline ALL Ovid, and Cochrane CENTRAL register of trials.Expert opinion: Limited research has been conducted on drug metabolism in the sepsis population, with some trials having researched healthy individuals using endotoxin injections. Notwithstanding this limitation, hepatic drug metabolism seems to be decreased for certain drugs in sepsis. More research on the pharmacokinetic behavior of hepatic metabolized drugs in sepsis is warranted, using inflammatory biomarkers, hemodynamic changes, mechanical ventilation, organ support, and catecholamine infusion as possible confounders.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 6","pages":"413-421"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40572502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the pharmacokinetics of extended release viloxazine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 缓释维洛嗪治疗儿童注意缺陷/多动障碍的药代动力学评价

IF 4.3 3区医学

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2103406

Ann Childress, Shelby Burton

{"title":"Evaluating the pharmacokinetics of extended release viloxazine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.","authors":"Ann Childress, Shelby Burton","doi":"10.1080/17425255.2022.2103406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2022.2103406","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood and impacts function negatively in multiple settings. Current treatments include stimulants, which inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, a nonstimulant norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) atomoxetine, and alpha-2 agonists clonidine extended release (ER) and guanfacine ER. Despite the effectiveness of these medications some patients do not respond to available drugs or may experience tolerability issues that hinder their use.Areas covered: Viloxazine, a serotonin norepinephrine modulating agent, was used outside of the United States (U.S.) as an effective antidepressant for several decades, but its use fell out of favor due to the need for multiple daily dosing. An ER viloxazine formulation was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ADHD. The efficacy, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of viloxazine and viloxazine ER are reviewed.Expert opinion: Viloxazine ER is the first nonstimulant approved to treat ADHD in more than a decade. Although they have not been directly compared, the effect size of viloxazine ER is less than has been observed for stimulants. However, its pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability make viloxazine ER a useful addition to the collection of FDA approved ADHD treatments.","PeriodicalId":12250,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology","volume":"18 6","pages":"357-366"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40613957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2