{"title":"Evaluating linaclotide for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in children and adolescents.","authors":"Manuel Linares, Miguel Saps","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2702388","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2702388","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) is a common pediatric disorder of gut - brain interaction (DGBI) characterized by constipation-related bowel dysfunction and recurrent abdominal pain. Despite multimodal management, pharmacologic options specifically evaluated for pediatric IBS-C have historically been absent. Linaclotide, a guanylate cyclase-C agonist with local intestinal activity, has emerged as a mechanism-based therapy for this phenotype.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review summarizes the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of linaclotide in pediatric IBS-C. Preclinical data support dual effects on intestinal secretion and visceral nociceptive signaling. Adult efficacy is supported by a mature clinical trial program showing consistent benefit across bowel and abdominal symptom endpoints. Pediatric evidence includes a published dose-ranging trial, real-world data, and a confirmatory regulatory trial that contributed to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in patients aged 7 years and older.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Linaclotide represents an important addition to the pediatric IBS-C therapeutic landscape, particularly for children who remain symptomatic despite optimized conventional care. Its main conceptual advantage is addressing both bowel dysfunction and abdominal pain simultaneously. However, its role in practice will depend on full publication of confirmatory pediatric data, long-term safety experience, and access within multidisciplinary care pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1065-1074"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guido Gembillo, Chiara Casuscelli, Alberto La Spada, Ylenia Di Pietro, Giulia Cipressa, Domenico Santoro, Claudia Lo Re
{"title":"Angiotensin system modulation in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: pharmacological basis and clinical implications.","authors":"Guido Gembillo, Chiara Casuscelli, Alberto La Spada, Ylenia Di Pietro, Giulia Cipressa, Domenico Santoro, Claudia Lo Re","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2706076","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2706076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>FSGS is a histological convergence point for biologically distinct conditions: primary immune-mediated, genetic, and secondary adaptive forms, each with its own pharmacological logic. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have anchored its management for three decades on evidence drawn predominantly from non-FSGS populations.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Experimental and clinical literature from PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science through 30 January 2026, covering angiotensin II-mediated podocyte injury, RAAS pharmacology across FSGS subtypes, and emerging strategies that extend or layer upon the RAAS backbone, including dual AT1/endothelin-A blockade, SGLT2 inhibition, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism, with additional podocyte-targeted and genotype-guided approaches.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The clinical benefit of RAAS blockade appears to vary across FSGS subtypes. It likely targets a key pathogenic mechanism in secondary adaptive forms, while serving mainly as supportive antiproteinuric therapy in immune-mediated and genetic disease. Nonetheless, it remains a cornerstone of care.Emerging therapies, including dual AT1/endothelin-A antagonism (sparsentan) and podocyte-targeted approaches (apecotrep), show promising proteinuria reductions but have not yet demonstrated clear benefits on hard renal outcomes. Biomarker-driven strategies (e.g. anti-nephrin antibodies, APOL1 genotyping) may enable more tailored treatment, although their clinical impact remains to be established.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1293-1308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148618998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angeliki Katsarou, Konstantinos M Katsikas, Christos Spyroulis, Stylianos A Kakoullis, Matthew E Falagas
{"title":"Therapeutic options for carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> infections.","authors":"Angeliki Katsarou, Konstantinos M Katsikas, Christos Spyroulis, Stylianos A Kakoullis, Matthew E Falagas","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2714834","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2714834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> (CRAB) infections pose a global health threat due to high mortality, rising resistance, and limited treatment options.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Worldwide, OXA-type carbapenemases are the predominant mechanism of resistance; other mechanisms, including efflux pumps, porin mutations, and, rarely, metallo-β-lactamases, may contribute to resistance in resistant isolates, complicating management. Despite the different publication dates, both the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidance support the use of a combination of at least 2 agents for severe infections, despite a lack of high-quality randomized trial data. Sulbactam/durlobactam is prioritized as the core of treatment in the IDSA guidelines, whereas the ESCMID does not state a preference. Cefiderocol is also a novel cephalosporin suggested for refractory or resistant infections or for those with prior treatment failure, although randomized trial data are inconsistent regarding mortality. Old treatment choices such as carbapenems, polymyxins, and tetracyclines maintain their role as components of a combination treatment in difficult-to-treat infections from CRAB.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>There is a need to reinforce infection prevention and control measures, conduct further research on novel antibiotics and rapid, accurate diagnostic tests, and obtain high-quality data to support current practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1309-1320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148668737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew D Spangler, Nila Kirupaharan, John D Sheppard
{"title":"Updated ocular pharmacology for noninfectious uveitis: a comprehensive expert review.","authors":"Matthew D Spangler, Nila Kirupaharan, John D Sheppard","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2715704","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2715704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Uveitis encompasses a heterogeneous group of inflammatory disorders affecting the iris, ciliary body, and choroid and remains a leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. Although corticosteroids have historically served as first-line therapy, long-term exposure is associated with ocular morbidity. The Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment trials were pivotal in redefining management paradigms by demonstrating equivalent visual outcomes between systemic therapy and intraocular steroid implants while highlighting the significant ocular complications associated with sustained local corticosteroid delivery. These findings accelerated the transition toward steroid-sparing and targeted immunomodulatory strategies.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This narrative review synthesizes major advances in uveitis pharmacotherapy using a treat-by-target framework that aligns therapy with anatomical involvement and underlying pathophysiology. We reviewed developments in topical corticosteroids and examined the evolution of intravitreal corticosteroid implants. Steroid-sparing approaches are discussed, including conventional immunomodulatory therapy, biologic agents, repository corticotropin injection, and emerging small-molecule therapies.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The next decade of uveitis management will prioritize precision pharmacology aimed at sustained inflammation control while minimizing corticosteroid-associated toxicity. Advances in molecular targeting, novel sustained-release delivery systems, earlier biologic intervention, and improved diagnostic and imaging technologies will further enable individualized, mechanism-driven therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1263-1278"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148790051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Philippe Montravers, Enora Atchade, Nathalie Zappella
{"title":"Current advances in pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections.","authors":"Philippe Montravers, Enora Atchade, Nathalie Zappella","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2695994","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2695994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) represent a major cause of surgical emergencies, arising from community-acquired conditions or heathcare-associated complications. This review, based on literature through 03/2026, from the PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and SMART (globalsmartsite.com) websites, explores strategies for implementing adequate anti-infective therapy in cIAIs.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>cIAIs typically involve polymicrobial infections, including aerobic/anaerobic bacteria, and fungi. The rise of multidrug resistance, particularly among Gram-negative microorganisms such as extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales and carbapenem-resistant strains, as well as Gram-positive cocci poses significant challenges. While newer antimicrobial agents show promise, further real-world validation is needed. Pharmacokinetic challenges, including altered drug distribution in peritoneal fluids, and the need for prolonged infusions, highlight the importance of personalized dosing strategies. The role of fungi remains debated, with echinocandins recommended for severe cases, though resistance monitoring is essential.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Advances in rapid diagnostics, novel anti-infective agents, and pharmacokinetic strategies have improved cIAIs outcomes. However, critical gaps persist. A key priority is to refine pharmacokinetic modeling and expand therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure optimal exposure at infection sites and reduce underdosing risks in diverse patient populations. Global resistance surveillance, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovative therapies are equally urgent to address the evolving epidemiological and therapeutic challenges in cIAIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1105-1123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148316460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low-dose colchicine for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the return of inflammation-targeted pharmacotherapy.","authors":"Sajid Ali, Muhammad Siraj","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2705345","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2705345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of major cardiovascular events despite standard therapies. Residual inflammatory risk has emerged as an important therapeutic target, but translation into routine pharmacotherapy has been limited by cost, safety, route of administration, and uncertainty about patient selection. Low-dose colchicine, alkaloid with anti-inflammatory activity, has recently gained renewed interest as an oral adjunctive therapy for ASCVD risk reduction.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review evaluates low-dose colchicine as inflammation-targeted pharmacotherapy for ASCVD. It discusses the clinical need, pivotal trial evidence, safety, drug-drug interactions, prescribing considerations, guideline positioning, real-world implementation, and unresolved questions. Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT) after myocardial infarction, the Low-Dose Colchicine 2 (LoDoCo2) trial in chronic coronary disease, FDA approval of Lodoco 0.5 mg, and neutral evidence from Colchicine and Spironolactone in Patients with Myocardial Infarction/Organization for the Assessment of Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes 9 (CLEAR SYNERGY/OASIS-9) in acute myocardial infarction.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>This review contributes an integrated patient-selection framework that combines ischemic risk, chronic versus acute coronary setting, inflammatory phenotype, renal and hepatic safety, drug-interaction burden, tolerability, and patient preference. Its future clinical value will depend on careful patient selection, avoidance of interacting drugs, clarification of its role after acute myocardial infarction, and real-world evidence showing whether trial efficacy translates into routine cardiovascular prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1209-1222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148445308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luca Lucente, Lucrezia Barcellini, Beatrice Ramella Pollone, Clara Lidia Filipazzi, Simona Coco, Margherita Puppo, Silvia Marconi, Sara Santamaria, Marco Tagliamento, Giovanni Rossi, Chiara Dellepiane, Elisa Bennicelli, Giulia Barletta, Linda Zinoli, Carlo Genova
{"title":"Recent advances in EGFR-targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer.","authors":"Luca Lucente, Lucrezia Barcellini, Beatrice Ramella Pollone, Clara Lidia Filipazzi, Simona Coco, Margherita Puppo, Silvia Marconi, Sara Santamaria, Marco Tagliamento, Giovanni Rossi, Chiara Dellepiane, Elisa Bennicelli, Giulia Barletta, Linda Zinoli, Carlo Genova","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2702380","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2702380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations has deeply reshaped the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Throughout the last years, third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) osimertinib in monotherapy has been the standard of care; however, resistance limits durable responses, necessitating novel combinations and sequencing strategies.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review discusses recent advances in EGFR-targeted therapies within the molecular landscape of classical and uncommon EGFR mutations, focusing on frontline intensification strategies in metastatic disease-specifically TKI combinations with chemotherapy (FLAURA2) or bispecific antibodies (MARIPOSA)-and emerging post-progression strategies to overcome acquired resistance mechanisms. A comprehensive literature search (January 2021-March 2026) was conducted via PubMed, and recent major oncology conference proceedings (ASCO, ESMO, WCLC, ELCC) and clinical trial registries for ongoing studies.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>The therapeutic landscape is shifting from a uniform frontline TKI monotherapy approach toward biomarker-driven, risk-stratified, intensification. High-risk patients (e.g. TP53 co-mutations, L858R) derive significant benefit from combination regimens, whereas mono-TKI remains appropriate for favorable prognostic subgroups. Future progress relies on validating predictive biomarkers-particularly circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) dynamics-to guide adaptive treatment strategies, balancing efficacy gains against toxicity and costs, while ensuring equitable global access to novel therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1125-1148"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148561148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabrio Bassotti, Antonio Tursi, Fotios S Fousekis, Elisabetta Antonelli
{"title":"Treatment considerations for the pharmacotherapeutic management of constipation associated with colonic diverticular disease.","authors":"Gabrio Bassotti, Antonio Tursi, Fotios S Fousekis, Elisabetta Antonelli","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2707357","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2707357","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1227-1230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148520414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Beyond the primary endpoint: what VICTOR really tells us about vericiguat.","authors":"Bianca Larroux, Flavio Tangianu, Aldo Bonaventura","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2702379","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2702379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The VICTOR trial evaluated vericiguat in stable, ambulatory HFrEF patients without recent WHF. Its primary composite endpoint of CV death or HF hospitalization resulted neutral. Yet, a significant reduction in CV mortality was observed.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>We analyzed the results of the VICTOR trial and put them in the broader context of HFrEF, where anticipating WHF events remains a mandatory task to improve the overall prognosis. We discussed oral diuretic intensification (ODI), that should represent an important aspect to be considered in stable HFrEF patients.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Outpatient WHF events are common in well-treated HFrEF patients and future HF trials should consider to regularly capture ODI. Although secondary endpoint analyses should be interpreted as nominal, the reduction in CV mortality in the VICTOR trial cannot be explained solely through prevention of HF progression or an effect on neurohormonal activation and hemodynamic stress. While current evidence for vericiguat is largely derived from patients with recent WHF, as shown in the VICTORIA trial, the findings of the VICTOR trial might provide a rationale for considering vericiguat earlier in the HFrEF treatment pathway, rather than limiting its use exclusively to patients who fail or progress despite quadruple therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1097-1103"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of delgocitinib for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic hand eczema in adults.","authors":"Nicole Piaskowski, Philipp Globig, Margitta Worm","doi":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2702386","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14656566.2026.2702386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is a frequent inflammatory skin disorder associated with a substantial psychosocial and economic burden. Its prevalence ranges from 4.7% up to 10%. The therapeutic management of CHE remains challenging. Long-term use of topical corticosteroids, which are used as first-line therapy, can be associated with local side effects and a negative impact on the skin barrier. Alitretinoin, a vitamin A derivate licensed as a systemic treatment option in Europe, has demonstrated efficacy but is accompanied by systemic adverse effects. Delgocitinib is a novel topical anti-inflammatory pan-janus kinase inhibitor with negligible systemic exposure and a reduced risk of side effects. It has shown clinical efficacy in double blind placebo-controlled trials and most recently superiority against alitretinoin in terms of both, efficacy and safety.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review summarizes the data on delgocitinib as a topical treatment for CHE including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Delgocitinib is a topical pan-janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor and represents a novel treatment option for CHE with a favorable safety and tolerability profile. Further data on long-term use and real-world effectiveness are still needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12184,"journal":{"name":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1053-1063"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}