Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic Effect of Soot Formation in Ethylene/Propane Co-Flow Diffusion Flames at Elevated Pressures","authors":"Dongsheng Zheng, X. Hui, Xin Xue, Weitao Liu","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-58622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58622","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The synergistic effect of soot formation refers to the interaction between different fuels during soot forming processes, which results in higher soot formation than any individual fuels. The present study experimentally investigates the synergistic effect of soot formation in co-flow diffusion flames of propane/ethylene fuel mixtures. The total carbon mass flow rate of the propane/ethylene mixture was kept constant at 0.5 mg/s, and the propane carbon ratio (RC) was defined as the ratio of carbon mass flow rate of propane to the total carbon mass flow rate. The laser-induced incandescence (LII) and light extinction (LE) techniques were applied to measure the soot volume fractions (SVF) at pressures of 0.1–0.5 MPa. The results showed strong synergistic effect in propane/ethylene mixtures at atmospheric conditions; however, increasing pressure weakens the synergistic effect. The LII intensity contours showed that the soot formation zone extends when synergistic effect occurs at RC = 0.1 and 0.2 for 0.1 and 0.3 Mpa. The normalized peak SVF showed that synergistic effect monotonically becomes weak with increasing pressure from 0.1 to 0.3 Mpa; meanwhile, the it still stayed strong at 0.2 Mpa when using normalized maximum soot yield, and then turned to be weaker as pressure increases. Further comparison analysis of the SVF profiles between RC = 0 and 0.1 revealed that the synergistic effect occurs at the two-wing area of the sooty flame at low axial flame height, and then gradually becomes stronger with increasing axial flame height in the soot zone for 0.1–0.3 Mpa. To illustrate the pressure effects on synergistic soot formation, numerical analysis in homogeneous closed reactor was conducted and it was found that The PAHs formation competition between C3H3 pathway and HACA mechanism results in the different soot formation phenomenon of ethylene/propane flames.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131601769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Design of Experiments Based Investigation of the Influence of Hot Cross-Flow Gas on a FLOX®-Based Single-Nozzle Liquid Burner","authors":"S. Izadi, J. Zanger, Oliver Kislat, Benedict Enderle, F. Grimm, P. Kutne, M. Aigner, C. Kraus","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59029","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Increased global demand for cleaner energy production and growing concern about using fossil fuels have urged many researchers to focus their work on developing more efficient and flexible combustion processes. In this regard, a FLOX®-based liquid fuel single-nozzle burner is investigated for use in a Capstone C30 micro gas turbine (MGT). The main advantages of FLOX®-based combustor systems are their decreased NOx emissions and increased fuel flexibility. An atmospheric test rig is set up to investigate the behavior of the FLOX®-based liquid fuel burner under the influence of the hot gas. The circulating gas in the C30 annular combustion chamber is emulated by hot cross-flow gas generated by a 20-nozzle FLOX®-based natural gas burner operated on a separate horizontal test rig. The variation and combination of the process parameters of both burners are done systematically according to Design of Experiments (DOE) as a statistical design methodology. DOE methodology is adopted rather than the conventional one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) strategy, as DOE considers any possible interaction between the factors and reduces the number of experiments. Employing statistical design of experiments allows determining which input variables are responsible for the observed changes in the response, developing a model relating the response to the important input variables, and using this model for improving the combustor system. The results are subsequently run through the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in order to allow for an objective conclusion about the effect of the factors on the selected responses, which include mass flow rate (·fuel) and global air equivalence ratio (λ) of both of the liquid and natural gas burners. The hot gas cross-flow interaction with the liquid fuel burner is assessed through analyzing exhaust gas emissions and averaged flame OH*-chemiluminescence images. The models developed by the DOE method can be used to estimate the emissions and the flame geometrical properties of any other operating points that are not explicitly tested.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134447916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Formulation-Based Soot Modelling in Ethylene Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames","authors":"Amit Makhija, Krishna Sesha Giri","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-58896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58896","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Soot volume fraction predictions through simulations carried out on OpenFOAM® are reported in diffusion flames with ethylene fuel. A single-step global reaction mechanism for gas-phase species with an infinitely fast chemistry assumption is employed. Traditionally soot formation includes inception, nucleation, agglomeration, growth, and oxidation processes, and the individual rates are solved to determine soot levels. However, in the present work, the detailed model is replaced with the soot formation and oxidation rates, defined as analytical functions of mixture fraction and temperature, where the net soot formation rate can be defined as the sum of individual soot formation and oxidation rates. The soot formation/oxidation rates are modelled as surface area-independent processes. The flame is modelled by solving conservation equations for continuity, momentum, total energy, and species mass fractions. Additionally, separate conservation equations are solved to compute the mixture fraction and soot mass fraction consisting of source terms that are identical and account for the mixture fraction consumption/production due to soot. As a consequence, computational time can be reduced drastically. This is a quantitative approach that gives the principal soot formation regions depending on the combination of local mixture fraction and temperature. The implemented model is based on the smoke point height, an empirical method to predict the sooting propensity based on fuel stoichiometry. The model predicts better soot volume fraction in buoyant diffusion flames. It was also observed that the optimal fuel constants to evaluate soot formation rates for different fuels change with fuel stoichiometry. However, soot oxidation strictly occurs in a particular region in the flame; hence, they are independent of fuel. The numerical results are compared with the experimental measurements, showing an excellent agreement for the velocity and temperature. Qualitative agreements are observed for the soot volume fraction predictions. A close agreement was obtained in smoke point prediction for the overventilated flame. An established theory through simulations was also observed, which states that the amount of soot production is proportional to the fuel flow rate. Further validations underscore the predictive capabilities. Model improvements are also reported with better predictions of soot volume fractions through modifications to the model constants based on mixture fraction range.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"50 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130780714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Mesh Adaption for Scale-Resolving Reacting Flow Simulations","authors":"Yu Xia, P. Stopford, P. Sharkey, Ishan Verma","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59100","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper, a dynamic adaptive mesh refinement method is used in conjunction with a hybrid scale-resolving turbulence model to solve industrial combustion problems. The objective of the adaption method is to track and resolve characteristic turbulent structures arising from swirlers, pilot injectors and flame propagation in industrial burner configurations. By employing Polyhedral Unstructured Mesh Adaption (PUMA)® within Ansys Fluent® solver, local regions of mesh are refined to capture gradients in temperature, velocity and other key variables. For Scale-Resolving Simulations (SRS), highly refined meshes are required to resolve a sufficient range of turbulent scales. In this work, a strategy is proposed to evaluate the scale-resolving quality of the mesh and to refine it dynamically in a transient simulation. The condition used for adapting the mesh is based on the gradients of key variables such as temperature and velocity, whilst the large-scale eddies are resolved using an approach based on the LES mesh resolution index. This strategy is then applied to a series of test cases (a diffusion jet flame, a bluff-body premixed flame and a swirl stabilized flame), using the hybrid Stress-Blended Eddy Simulation (SBES) turbulence model and a Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) combustion model. The numerical results are compared with available experimental data, and the accuracy of the solutions is discussed.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126335427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spark Ignition of SPP Injector Under Sub-Atmospheric Conditions","authors":"Q. Zhao, Mu Yong, Jinhu Yang, Yulan Wang, Gang Xu","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-58699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58699","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The sub-atmospheric ignition performance of an SPP (Stratified Partially Premixed) injector and combustor is investigated experimentally on the high-altitude test facility. In order to explore the influence of sub-atmospheric pressure on reignition performance and flame propagation mode, experiments are conducted under different pressures ranging from 19 kPa to 101 kPa. The inlet temperature and pressure drop of the injector (ΔPsw/P3t) are kept constant at 303 K and 3% respectively. The transparent quartz window mounted on the sidewall of the model combustor provides optical access of flame signals. Ignition fuel-air ratio (FAR) under different inlet pressures are experimentally acquired. The spark ignition processes, including the formation of flame kernel, the flame development and stabilization are recorded by a high-speed camera at a rate of 5kHz. Experimental results indicate that the minimum ignition FAR grows rapidly as the inlet air pressure decreases. An algorithm is developed to track the trajectory of flame kernels within 25ms following the spark during its breakup and motion processes. Results show that the calculated trajectory provides a clear description of the flame evolution process. Under different inlet air pressures, the propagation trajectories of flame kernels share similarities in initial phase. It is pivotal for a successful ignition that the initial flame kernel keeps enough intensity and moves into CTRZ (Center-Toroidal Recirculation Zone) along radial direction. Finally, the time-averaged non-reacting flow field under inlet pressure of 54kPa and fuel mass flow of 8kg/h is simulated. The effects of flow structure and fuel spatial distribution on kernel propagation and flame evolution are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126183796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Fuel Staging Effect on Modal Dynamics of Thermoacoustic Azimuthal Instabilities in a Multi-Nozzle Can Combustor","authors":"J. Kim, W. Gillman, T. John, S. Adhikari, D. Wu, B. Emerson, V. Acharya, T. Lieuwen, M. Isono, T. Saitoh","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59098","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper analyzes the dynamics of unstable azimuthal thermoacoustic modes in a lean premixed combustor. Azimuthal modes can be decomposed into two counter rotating waves where they can either compete and potentially suppress one of them (spinning) or coexist (standing), depending on the operating conditions. This paper describes experimental results of the dynamical behaviors of these two waves. The experimental data were taken at different mass flow rates as well as different azimuthal fuel staging in a multi-nozzle can combustor. It is shown that at a low flow rate with uniform fuel distribution, the two waves have similar amplitudes, giving rise to a standing wave. However, the two amplitudes are slowly oscillating out of phase to each other, and the phase difference between the two waves also shows oscillatory behavior. For an intermediate flow rate, the dynamics show intermittency between standing and spinning waves, indicating that the system is bistable. In addition, the phase difference dramatically shifts when the mode switches between standing and spinning waves. For a high flow rate, the system stabilizes at a spinning wave most of the time. These experimental observations demonstrate that not only the amplitudes of two waves but also the phase difference plays an important role in the dynamics of azimuthal mode. For non-uniform azimuthal fuel staging, the modal dynamics exhibit only an oscillatory standing wave behavior regardless of the mass flow rate. Compared to the uniform fuel staging, however, the pressure magnitude is considerably reduced, which provides a potential strategy to mitigate and/or suppress the instabilities.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128206834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Lean Blowout Limits of Turbulent Premixed Hydrogen/Ammonia/Air Mixtures","authors":"A. Goldmann, F. Dinkelacker","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-58830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58830","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the demand for greenhouse gas neutral transportation and power generation solutions is growing, alternative carbon-free fuel such as hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) are gaining more attention. Mixtures of both fuels allow the adjustment of combustion properties. With future fuels also the vision of very clean combustion can be taken into the focus, being for instance based on lean premixed and for liquid fuels prevaporized combustion for gas turbines. For the utilization of such concepts, however, flame stability is essential. In this study the upper stability limits, i.e. lean blowout of turbulent hydrogen/ammonia/air flames, is experimentally investigated in a generic non-swirl premixed burner at atmospheric conditions. Special focus is laid on a measurement setup with fully automatized measurement procedure, to reach the stability limits, as these limits tend to depend for instance on the approach speed towards the limit. The ammonia content was varied from 0 vol% to 50 vol% in 10 vol% steps with the rest being hydrogen, for a broad range of fuel-air-equivalence ratios. The lean blowout limit is increasing almost linearly with increasing fuel-air-equivalence ratios, whereas with increasing ammonia content the limit is decreasing. Furthermore, a model for the lean blowout limits were derived, which is able to predict the acquired experimental data with high accuracy.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116450819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Describing the Mechanism of Instability Suppression Using a Central Pilot Flame With Coupled Experiments and Simulations","authors":"Jihang Li, H. Kwon, Drue Seksinsky, Daniel G. Doleiden, J. O’Connor, Y. Xuan, M. Akiki, J. Blust","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59117","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pilot flames are commonly used to extend combustor operability limits and suppress combustion oscillations in low-emissions gas turbines. Combustion oscillations, a coupling between heat release rate oscillations and combustor acoustics, can arise at the operability limits of low-emissions combustors where the flame is more susceptible to perturbations. While the use of pilot flames is common in land-based gas turbine combustors, the mechanism by which they suppress instability is still unclear. In this study, we consider the impact of a central jet pilot on the stability of a swirl-stabilized flame in a variable-length, single-nozzle combustor. Previously, the pilot flame was found to suppress the instability for a range of equivalence ratios and combustor lengths. We hypothesize that combustion oscillation suppression by the pilot occurs because the pilot provides hot gases to the vortex breakdown region of the flow that recirculate and improve the static, and hence dynamic, stability of the main flame. This hypothesis is based on a series of experimental results that show that pilot efficacy is a strong function of pilot equivalence ratio but not pilot flow rate, which would indicate that the temperature of the pilot gases as well as the combustion intensity of the pilot flame play more of a role in oscillation stabilization than the length of the pilot flame relative to the main flame. Further, the pilot flame efficacy increases with pilot flame equivalence ratio until it matches the main flame equivalence ratio; at pilot equivalence ratios greater than the main equivalence ratio, the pilot flame efficacy does not change significantly with pilot equivalence ratio. To understand these results, we use large-eddy simulation to provide a detailed analysis of the flow in the region of the pilot flame and the transport of radical species in the region between the main flame and pilot flame. The simulation, using a flamelet/progress variable-based chemistry tabulation approach and standard eddy viscosity/diffusivity turbulence closure models, provides detailed information that is inaccessible through experimental measurements.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"37 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131485829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Dual-Swirl Spray Flame in a Fuel Staged Optical Model Combustor With Laser Diagnostics","authors":"Siheng Yang, Wang Jianchen, Wang Zhichao, Han Meng, Yuzhen Lin, Wang Yexin","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-58706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58706","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lean premixed prevaporized combustors often feature staged combustion with a premixed main flame anchored by the nonpremixed pilot flame to obtain a wide operating range. Interaction between pilot flame and main flame is complex. The present article investigates the flame topologies and flame-fuel interactions in separated stratified swirl flames under various operating conditions (fuel to air ratio FAR and fuel stage ratio α) and injector designs (main stage swirl number Sm and fuel injection angle JA). Experiments are carried out in the centrally staged optical model combustor at inlet pressure P3 = 0.49–0.7 MPa and inlet temperature T3 = 539 K. At first, the flame structures obtained from OH-PLIF are investigated and discussed for the baseline injector (Sm = 0.9, JA = −50°). The V-shaped flame is stabilized in the inner shear layer (ISL) with the flame attachment point located at the lip for the pilot flame mode (α = 1). Dual flame is observed in the combustor for the fuel staged combustion (α < 1): the main flame stabilized in the outer shear layer (OSL) and the pilot flame stabilized in the inner shear layer (ISL). For increasing α from 0.15 to 0.25, gaps between the main flame and pilot flame are decreased, indicating a stronger interaction between the two flames. The flame structure for different injector geometries is then investigated. It is found that the higher main stage swirl number induces a larger flame opening angle, decreasing the interaction between two flames. Fuel injected into crossflow (JA = −50°) is found to generated a more separated flame, decreasing the flame interactions. Finally, fuel distribution measured by kerosene-PLIF is analyzed with the correlation to flame structure. Results show that the existence of a good mixing of fuel and fresh air in ISL and OSL provide favorable conditions for chemical reaction with high heat release. The OH distribution is highly correlated to fuel distribution. The fuel zone is located at the inner side of high OH region, indicating the reaction and heat release take place after the mixing of preheating of fuel-air mixture.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115081266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NOx Emission Modelling for Lean Premixed Industrial Combustors With a Diffusion Pilot Burner","authors":"J. M. Reumschüssel, Jakob G. R. von Saldern, T. Kaiser, T. Reichel, J. P. Beuth, Bernhard Ćosić, F. Genin, K. Oberleithner, C. Paschereit","doi":"10.1115/gt2021-59071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59071","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In gas turbine combustion systems, the reduction of emissions of harmful combustion by-products is a main development goal. This study provides a methodology to model NOX emissions effectively for varying levels of pilot fuel flows at different operational points. It combines one-dimensional flame simulations using detailed chemistry with a stochastic approach for equivalence ratio fluctuations to account for the effect of fuel-air unmixedness. This split allows for computationally fast variations of the gas inlet condition and the consideration of different shares of pilot gas. The generation of emissions is split into a share of prompt formation at the flame front and a slower formation mechanism, occurring within the combustion products in the post flame region. The influence of unmixedness of the fuel-air mixture on both effects is taken into consideration by means of probability density functions (PDFs) of the equivalence ratio. These are modeled on the basis of sampled values from Large Eddy Simulations at the flame front and adapted for different shares of pilot gas. It is shown that with a superposition of Gaussian PDFs the equivalence ratio distribution at the flame front resulting from the main gas supply and the pilot share can be well approximated. Measurement data from experiments in atmospheric conditions as well as emission measurements from high pressure tests are used to evaluate the model. Good agreement is found for atmospheric data, allowing for explanations on the effect of pilot fuel ratio on emissions. For elevated pressure, only qualitative trends could be reproduced. Hypotheses to explain this deviation are made that motivate further research.","PeriodicalId":121836,"journal":{"name":"Volume 3A: Combustion, Fuels, and Emissions","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115172137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}